[352] | Tibor Szkaliczki, Michael Eberhard, Hermann Hellwagner, László Szobonya, Piece Selection Algorithm for Layered Video Streaming in P2P Networks, In Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, Elsevier Inc., vol. 36, New York, USA, pp. 1265-1272, 2010, ISCO 2010 - International Symposium on Combinatorial Optimization.
[bib][url] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: This paper introduces the piece selection problem that arises when streaming layered video content over peer-to-peer networks. The piece selection algorithm decides periodically which pieces to request from other peers (network nodes) for download. The main goal of the piece selection algorithm is to provide the best possible quality for the available bandwidth. Our recommended solution approaches are related to the typical problems and solutions in the knapsack problem.
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[351] | Anita Sobe, Wilfried Elmenreich, Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Towards a self-organizing replication model for non-sequential media access, In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Multimedea 2010 (Alberto Del Bimbo, Shih-Fu Chang, Arnold Smeulders, eds.), ACM, New York, pp. 3-8, 2010.
[bib] |
[350] | Anita Sobe, Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Mario Taschwer, Video Notation (ViNo): A Formalism for Describing and Evaluating Non-sequential Multimedia Access, In International Journal on Advances in Software, International Academy, Research and Industry Association (IARIA), vol. 3, no. 1 & 2, Valencia, Spain, pp. 19-30, 2010.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: The contributions of this paper are threefold: (1) the extensive introduction of a formal Video Notation (ViNo) that allows for describing different multimedia transport techniques for specifying required QoS; (2) the application of this formal notation to analyzing different transport mechanisms without the need of detailed simulations; (3) further application of ViNo to caching techniques, leading to the introduction of two cache admission policies and one replacement policy supporting nonsequential multimedia access. The applicability of ViNo is shown by example and by analysis of an existing CDN simulation. We find that a pure LRU replacement yields significantly lower hit rates than our suggested popularity-based replacement. The evaluation of caches was done by simulation and by usage of ViNo.
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[349] | Klaus Schoeffmann, Frank Hopfgartner, Oge Marques, Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Joemon Jose, Video browsing interfaces and applications: a review, In SPIE Reviews, SPIE, vol. 1, no. 1, ",", pp. 018004, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] |
[348] | Michael Sablatschan, Jordi Ortiz Murillo, Michael Ransburg, Hermann Hellwagner, Efficient SVC-to-AVC Conversion at a Media Aware Network Element, In Proceedings of the Workshop SVCVision, in conjunction with the 6th International Mobile Multimedia Communications Conference (MobiMedia 2010) (Jonathan Rodriguez, Rahim Tafazolli, Christos Verikoukis, eds.), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 7, 2010.
[bib] [abstract]
Abstract: H.264/SVC, the Scalable Video Coding extension of the H.264/AVC video coding standard, features spatial, quality and temporal scalability. Backwards compatibility with legacy decoding devices is maintained through an H.264/AVC compliant base layer, which represents the lowest quality of an H.264/SVC bit-stream. However, it is often desireable to also provide the higher quality layers to legacy H.264/AVC devices. This is achieved by a process commonly known as "bit-stream rewriting", which allows for an efficient H.264/SVC to H.264/AVC conversion by exploiting the similarities of the two codecs. This paper describes a demonstrator showing the advantages of including an improved version of the bit-stream rewriting tool from the existing JSVM H.264/SVC reference software in an H.264/SVC-based multimedia delivery system, by integrating it into a Media Aware Network Element.
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[347] | Michael Sablatschan, Michael Ransburg, Hermann Hellwagner, Towards an Improved SVC-to-AVC Rewriter, In Proceedings of the Second International Conferences on Advances in Multimedia (MMEDIA 2010) (Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Dumitru Burdescu, Philip Davis, Peter Stanchev, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 18-21, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: The Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension of the H.264/AVC (AVC) video coding standard features spatial, quality and temporal scalability. Backwards compatibility with legacy decoding devices is maintained through an H.264/AVC compliant base layer, which represents the lowest quality of an SVC bit-stream. However, it is often desirable to also provide the higher quality layers to legacy H.264/AVC devices. This is achieved by a process commonly known as “bit-stream rewriting”, which allows for an efficient SVC to AVC conversion by exploiting the similarities of the two codecs. This paper introduces an improved version of the existing JSVM reference software rewriter (JSVM-rewriter). The improvements include a better run-time performance through parallel processing, as well as applicability in streaming scenarios. A detailed evaluation provides performance measurements for the improved rewriter and compares it to the existing JSVM-rewriter. The evaluation shows that notable performance improvements can be achieved using the presented approach. The paper concludes on how the rewriter could be further improved.
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[346] | Michael Ransburg, Eduardo Martínez Graciá, Tiia Sutinen, Jordi Ortíz Murillo, Michael Sablatschan, Hermann Hellwagner, Scalable Video Coding Impact on Networks, In Proceedings of the Workshop SVCVision, in conjunction with the 6th International Mobile Multimedia Communications Conference (MobiMedia 2010) (Jonathan Rodriguez, Rahim Tafazolli, Christos Verikoukis, eds.), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 571-581, 2010.
[bib] [abstract]
Abstract: This paper describes the CELTIC project on "Scalable Video Coding Impact on Networks" with the focus of designing a streaming system based on the Scalable Video Coding extension of the H.264/AVC standard. The system is designed to cope with streaming scenarios that can be classified in four use cases: session handover, network congestion, receiver heterogeneity and user driven adaptation. A complete overview of the architecture of the system is given. Two demonstration scenarios are described in detail, which point out the advantages of scalable video coding compared to single layer approaches in multimedia transmission and adaptation scenarios. A concluding section summarizes the work and provides an outlook to future work items.
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[345] | Michael Ransburg, Mario Jonke, Hermann Hellwagner, An Evaluation of Mobile End Devices in Multimedia Streaming Scenarios, In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Mobile Multimedia Networking (IWMMN 2010) (Honggang Wang, Jinchun Xia, eds.), Springer, Heidelberg/Berlin, Germany, pp. 14, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: This paper compares handhelds based on the iPhone and Android operating systems in multimedia streaming scenarios. We simulate typical Internet network impairments, i.e. packet delay and packet loss, and evaluate their effects on the end devices. Additional evaluations include bandwidth overhead in icted by the different streaming approaches and traffic shape and fairness when both handhelds consume media simultaneously. Based on the quantitative evaluation, both approaches show weaknesses and strengths. A final qualitative discussion points out additional advantages for the streaming approach implemented in the iPhone operating system.
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[344] | Jordi Ortiz Murillo, Michael Ransburg, Eduardo Martínez Graciá, Michael Sablatschan, Antonio Gómez Skarmeta, Hermann Hellwagner, Towards User-driven Adaptation of H.264/SVC Streams, In Proceedings of the Workshop on Quality of Experience for Multimedia Content Sharing (QoEMCS 2010) (Shelley Buchinger, Rui Jorge Lopes, Satu Jumisko-Pyykkö, Hans-Jürgen Zepernick, eds.), Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, pp. 4, 2010.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: H.264/SVC enables runtime-efficient scalability in the spatial, temporal and fidelity dimension. Existing adaptation mechanisms facilitate this to automatically adapt the H.264/ SVC stream to the current usage environment without any user interaction. This paper argues that the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the end user can be enhanced by enabling him to manually adjust the adaptation if he wishes to do so. An approach which enables this is presented and evaluated. It is shown that by facilitating this approach an increased QoE is provided compared to automatic adaptation approaches. Finally, future work indicates the next steps in order to implement this approach.
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[343] | Sawas Chatzchristofis, Yiannis Boutalis, Mathias Lux, Combining Color and Spatial Color Distribution Information in a Fuzzy Rule Based Compact Composite Descriptor, In Agents and Artificial Intelligence (Joaquim Filipe, Ana Fred, Bernadette Sharp, eds.), Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. pp. 49-60, 2010.
[bib] [doi] [abstract]
Abstract: In this paper, a novel low level feature for content based image retrieval is presented. The proposed feature structure combines color and spatial color distribution information. The combination of these two features in one vector classifies the proposed descriptor to the family of Composite Descriptors. In order to extract the color information, a fuzzy system is being used, which is mapping the number of colors that are included in the image into a custom palette of 8 colors. The way by which the vector of the proposed descriptor is being formed, describes the color spatial information contained in images. To be applicable in the design of large image databases, the proposed descriptor is compact, requiring only 48 bytes per image. Experiments presented in this paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique especially for Hand-Drawn Sketches.
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[342] | Mathias Lux, Klaus Schoeffmann, Manfred del Fabro, Marian Kogler, Mario Taschwer, ITEC-UNIKLU Known-Item Search Submission, In TRECVID 2010 Participant Notebook Papers (Paul Over, George Awad, Jonathan Fiscus, Martial Michel, Wessel Kraaij, Alan Smeaton, Georges Quénot, eds.), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, USA, pp. 9, 2010.
[bib][url] |
[341] | Mathias Lux, Arthur Pitman, Oge Marques, Can Global Visual Features Improve Tag Recommendation for Image Annotation?, In Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 3, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 341-362, 2010.
[bib] [doi] [abstract]
Abstract: Recent advances in the fields of digital photography, networking and computing, have made it easier than ever for users to store and share photographs. However without sufficient metadata, e.g., in the form of tags, photos are difficult to find and organize. In this paper, we describe a system that recommends tags for image annotation. We postulate that the use of low-level global visual features can improve the quality of the tag recommendation process when compared to a baseline statistical method based on tag co-occurrence. We present results from experiments conducted using photos and metadata sourced from the Flickr photo website that suggest that the use of visual features improves the mean average precision (MAP) of the system and increases the system's ability to suggest different tags, therefore justifying the associated increase in complexity.
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[340] | Mathias Lux, Marian Kogler, Manfred del Fabro, Why did you take this photo: a study on user intentions in digital photo productions, In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM workshop on Social, adaptive and personalized multimedia interaction and access (David Vallet, Naeem Ramzan, Martin Halvey, Charalampos Patrikakis, eds.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 41–44, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] [abstract]
Abstract: Why do people take pictures? While substantial work has been done on the intentions of people producing photos in specific domains (e.g. Flickr users or mobile phone cameras) the general case - arbitrary users taking photos with arbitrary devices - has not yet been investigated in detail. In this short paper, we present an exploratory study on the intentions and goals of people taking digital photos. 40 different specific photo taking situations of 10 people where investigated. We classified the situations and reflected them into context of existing work to investigate the applicability and usefulness of classifications existing for specific domains. Our findings show that applicability of existing models for small domains is limited and they indicate the need of a generalized taxonomy. We further identify hypotheses and research questions for future work in this area.
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[339] | Mathias Lux, Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Alexander Müller, A Social Approach to Image Re-targeting Based on an Interactive Game, Chapter in HCI in Work and Learning, Life and Leisure (Gerhard Leitner, Martin Hitz, Andreas Holzinger, eds.), Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, vol. 6389, Klagenfurt, Austria, pp. 465-470, 2010, 10.1007/978-3-642-16607-5_32.
[bib][url] [abstract]
Abstract: Resolution of digital images is on the rise, but screens of mobile devices are still small. Therefore, image adaptation and especially image re-targeting for browsing images is still a challenging research topic. In this short paper we report work in progress on a social interactive game that can be used to identify meaningful portions of images. Based on preliminary evaluation we propose that these areas, found by our game, should be retained in an image re-targeting process.
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[338] | Mathias Lux, Arthur Pitman, Oge Marques, Callisto: Tag Recommendations by Image Content, In Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop of the Multimedia Metadata Community (WISMA 2010) (Anna Carreras, Jaime Delgado, Xavier Maroñas, Victor Rodríguez, eds.), ceur.ws, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 87-88, 2010.
[bib] |
[337] | Mathias Lux, Christopher Kofler, Oge Marques, A Classification Scheme for User Intentions in Image Search, In CHI EA '10 CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Geraldine Fitzpatrick, Scott Hudson, Keith Edwards, Tom Rodden, eds.), ACM, Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 3913-3918, 2010.
[bib] [abstract]
Abstract: Searching for images on the web is still an open problem. While multiple approaches have been presented, there has been surprisingly little work on the actual goals and intentions of users. In this poster we present our classification scheme for user goals in image search and describe our ongoing work focusing on identification and classification of user intentions during image search tasks.
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[336] | Fernando Lopez, Dietmar Jannach, Jose Maria Martínez, Christian Timmerer, Narciso García, Hermann Hellwagner, Bounded non-deterministic planning for multimedia adaptation, In Journal of Applied Intelligence, Springer, Springer New York, pp. 32, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] [abstract]
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel combination of arti- ficial intelligence planning and other techniques for improv- ing decision-making in the context of multi-step multime- dia content adaptation. In particular, it describes a method that allows decision-making (selecting the adaptation to perform) in situations where third-party pluggable multi- media conversion modules are involved and the multime- dia adaptation planner does not know their exact adapta- tion capabilities. In this approach, the multimedia adapta- tion planner module is only responsible for a part of the required decisions; the pluggable modules make additional decisions based on different criteria. We demonstrate that partial decision-making is not only attainable, but also in- troduces advantages with respect to a system in which these conversion modules are not capable of providing additional decisions. This means that transferring decisions from the multi-step multimedia adaptation planner to the pluggable conversion modules increases the flexibility of the adapta- tion. Moreover, by allowing conversion modules to be only partially described, the range of problems that these modules can address increases, while significantly decreasing both the description length of the adaptation capabilities and the planning decision time. Finally, we specify the conditions under which knowing the partial adaptation capabilities of a set of conversion modules will be enough to compute a proper adaptation plan.
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[335] | Robert Kuschnig, Ingo Kofler, Hermann Hellwagner, An Evaluation of TCP-based Rate-control Algorithms for Adaptive Internet Streaming of H.264/SVC, In Proceedings of the First Annual ACM SIGMM Conference on Multimedia Systems (MMSys) (Wu-chi Feng, Ketan Mayer-Patel, eds.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 157-168, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Recent work in TCP video streaming indicates that multimedia streaming via TCP provides satisfactory performance when the achievable TCP throughput is approximately twice the media bit rate. However, these conditions may not be achievable on the Internet, e.g., when the delivery path offers insufficient bandwidth or becomes congested due to competing traffic. Therefore, adaptive streaming for videos over TCP is required and a number of rate-control algorithms for video streaming have been proposed and evaluated in the literature. In this paper, we evaluate and compare three existing rate-control algorithms for TCP streaming in terms of the (PSNR) quality of the delivered video and in terms of the timeliness of delivery. The contribution of the paper is that, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of TCP-based streaming in an Internet-like setting making use of the scalability features of the H.264/SVC video codec. Two simple bandwidth estimation algorithms and a priority-/deadline-driven approach are described to adapt the bit rates of, and transmit, the H.264/SVC video in a rate-distortion optimal manner. The results indicate that the three algorithms perform robustly in terms of video quality and timely delivery, both on under-provisioned links and in case of competing TCP flows. The priority-/deadline-driven technique is even more stable in terms of packet delays and jitter; thus, client buffers can be dimensioned more easily.
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[334] | Robert Kuschnig, Ingo Kofler, Hermann Hellwagner, Improving Internet Video Streaming Performance by Parallel TCP-Based Request-Response Streams, In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC) (Sergey Balandin, Marcin Matuszewksi, Jörg Ott, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 5, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: TCP-based video streaming encounters difficulties in unreliable networks with unanticipated packet loss. In combination with high round trip times, the effective throughput deteriorates rapidly and TCP connection resets or stalls may occur. In this paper, we propose a client-driven video transmission scheme which utilizes multiple HTTP/TCP streams. The scheme is largely insensitive to unanticipated packet loss and thereby reduces throughput fluctuations. Since it is based on HTTP, the scheme can easily be deployed in existing network infrastructures. It fosters scalability on the server side by shifting complexity from the server to the clients. Certain features of request-response schemes allow maintaining fairness, despite of using multiple HTTP streams. Making use of TCP, the scheme inherently adapts to congested network links.
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[333] | Marian Kogler, Mathias Lux, Bag of visual words revisited: an exploratory study on robust image retrieval exploiting fuzzy codebooks, In Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Multimedia Data Mining (" ", ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 3:1-3:6, 2010.
[bib] |
[332] | Ingo Kofler, In-Network Adaptation of Scalable Video Content, PhD thesis, Klagenfurt University, pp. 204, 2010.
[bib] [abstract]
Abstract: This thesis investigates mechanisms and applications for in-network adaptation of scalable video bit streams based on the recent H.264/Scalable Video Coding (SVC) standard. In-network adaptation refers to the adaptation of a video stream by a network element during the stream's transport through the network. The advantages of performing adaptation directly in the network are the availability of local monitoring data and a higher responsiveness according to the current networking conditions. In contrast to previous work in this field, this thesis focuses on the feasibility and realization of in-network adaptation on existing home router platforms. In this context this thesis addresses the following six research objectives. Initially, the relevant transport mechanisms for H.264/SVC and their implications on in-network adaptation (1) were analysed. In the context of this work three different Linux-based router platforms which cover a representative range of residential router devices were used as a basis for further studies and evaluations. In general these platforms can be characterized by rather modest processing capabilities and networking performance. The hardware limitations were identified and quantified in evaluations (2) using both different benchmarks and real network traffic. The offered processing power and memory throughput are roughly 10 to 100 times lower than those of a modern desktop PC. Although their application-layer networking performance is not that low, all platforms fail in fully utilizing their nominal link capacities of 100 and 1000 Mbps, respectively. Based on the known limitations the thesis proposes a stateful, packet-based adaptation mechanism for adapting scalable video bit streams (3). The approach utilizes the RTP payload format for H.264/SVC and represents a light-weight approach for in-network adaptation on the application layer. It further meets the important requirements towards a media-aware network element (MANE) to be signaling aware and to operate statefully. The mechanism was integrated in a proxy service which was deployed on all of the three platforms to prove its feasibility. Experimental evaluations with different video bit streams in standard-definition quality demonstrate the scalability of the approach (4). The results indicate that the proxy service is able to adapt up to 16 concurrent video streams depending on the platform and video bit stream. On two of the three evaluated platforms the proposed approach even allows to handle and to adapt video streams in high-definition quality at bit rates around 15 Mbps. In addition to the proposed H.264/SVC-specific adaptation mechanism, also the applicability of generic metadata-driven adaptation on home router platforms was investigated. In particular, a proof-of-concept study of an XML-metadata-driven approach based on the MPEG-21 generic Bitstream Syntax Description (gBSD) was conducted on the platforms (5). In contrast to former evaluations that have been done on PC-based platforms, the obtained results indicate that the use of this generic adaptation cannot be recommended on such resource limited network devices. The benefits of using in-network adaptation on home router platforms are finally demonstrated in the context of high-definition streaming over IEEE 802.11 wireless networks (6). Monitoring information regarding the queueing delay, which is obviously available exclusively on the router, is used to control the adaptation of the video according to the varying throughput of the wireless link. This allows to react timely to changing conditions particularly in the case of mobile clients.
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[331] | Michael Eberhard, Tibor Szkaliczki, Hermann Hellwagner, László Szobonya, Christian Timmerer, Knapsack Problem-based Piece-Picking Algorithms for Layered Content in Peer-to-Peer Networks, In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Workshop on Advanced Video Streaming Techniques for Peer-to-Peer Networks and Social Networking (Gabriella Olmo, Christian Timmerer, Pascal Frossard, Keith Mitchell, eds.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 71-76, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: The distribution of layered content over peer-to-peer networks becomes more important today as the users are consuming the content on terminals with various display capabilities and different network connections. For single-layer content distribution, the piece-picking algorithm only needs to ensure that content pieces are downloaded in time for display. When layered content is distributed over a peer-to-peer network, the piece-picking algorithm needs to be modified to ensure that the best possible quality is displayed while all desired pieces still have to be received before their deadline expires. In this paper, the piece-picking problem for layered content is analyzed and a number of piece-picking algorithms for layered content based on the solutions for the knapsack problem are presented. Furthermore, an evaluation of these algorithms is performed and possible applications are discussed.
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[330] | Manfred Del Fabro, Klaus Schoeffmann, Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Instant Video Browsing: A Tool for Fast Non-sequential Hierarchical Video Browsing, In Proceedings of HCI in Work and Learning, Life and Leisure 6th Symposium of the Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering (Gerhard Leitner, Martin Hitz, Andreas Holzinger, eds.), Springer Verlag GmbH, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 443-446, 2010.
[bib] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: We introduce an easy-to-use video browsing tool which assists users in getting a quick overview of videos as well as in finding segments of interest. It provides a parallel and a tree-based view for browsing the content of videos -- or even video collections -- in a hierarchical, non-sequential manner. The tool has a plug-in architecture and can be extended both by further presentation methods and by video analysis algorithms.
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[329] | Manfred Del Fabro, Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Video Scene Detection Based on Recurring Motion Patterns, In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Advances in Multimedia (MMEDIA 2010) (Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Dumitru Burdescu, Philip Davies, David Newell, eds.), IEEE, Washington (DC), pp. 113-118, 2010.
[bib] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: We present an algorithm for video scene detection based on the identification of recurring motion sequences within a video stream. The motion information is extracted in the compressed domain of H.264/AVC videos, no full decoding of the video stream is needed. Based on the motion information our algorithm identifies sequences of adjacent frames with similar motion. Throughout all identified motion sequences we are searching for recurring patterns of similar ones. The most recurring pattern is used for the segmentation of the video stream into scenes. The evaluation shows promising results.
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[328] | Nicola Capovilla, Michael Eberhard, Silvano Mignanti, Riccardo Petrocco, Janne Vehkaperä, An Architecture for Distributing Scalable Content over Peer-to-Peer Networks, In Proceedings of the Second International Conferences on Advances in Multimedia (MMEDIA 2010) (Laszlo Böszörmenyi, Dumitru Burdescu, Philip Davis, Peter Stanchev, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 1-6, 2010.
[bib][url] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Peer-to-Peer systems are nowadays a very popular solution for multimedia distribution, as they provide significant cost benefits compared with traditional server-client distribution. Additionally, the distribution of scalable content enables the consumption of the content in a quality suited for the available bandwidth and the capabilities of the end-user devices. Thus, the distribution of scalable content over Peer-to-Peer networks is a very actual research topic. This paper presents an architecture for the distribution of scalable content in a fully distributed Peer-to-Peer network. The architectural description includes how the scalable layers of the content are mapped to the pieces distributed in the Peer-to-Peer system and detailed descriptions of the producer- and consumer-site architecture of the system. The presented system is to our knowledge the first open-source Peer-to-Peer network with full Scalable Video Coding support.
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