[45] | Christian Timmerer, Touradj Ebrahimi, Fernando Pereira, Toward a New Assessment of Quality, In IEEE Computer, IEEE Computer Society, vol. 48, no. 3, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 108-110, 2015.
[bib] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: A convergence of trends is shifting the focus of quality assessment from compliance with system design goals to fulfillment of user needs or expectations in different contexts.
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[44] | Benjamin Rainer, Stefan Petscharnig, Christian Timmerer, Merge And Forward - Self-organized Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization, In Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Multimedia Systems (available not, ed.), ACM International Conference on Multimedia Systems, New York, U.S.A, pp. 77-80, 2015.
[bib] [abstract]
Abstract: Social networks have become ubiquitous and with these new possible ways for social communication and experiencing multimedia together the traditional TV scenario drifts more and more towards a distributed social experience. Asynchronism in the multimedia playback of the users may have a significant impact on the acceptability of systems providing the distributed multimedia experience. The synchronization needed in such systems is called Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization. In this paper we propose a demo that implements IDMS by the means of our self-organized and distributed approach assisted by pull-based streaming. We also provide a video of the planned demonstration and provide the mobile application as open source licensed under the GNU LGPL.
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[43] | Christian Timmerer, Benjamin Rainer, The Social Multimedia Experience, In IEEE Computer, IEEE Computer Society, vol. 47, no. 3, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 67-69, 2014.
[bib] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Inter-destination multimedia synchronization and quality of experience are critical to the success of social TV, which integrates television viewing with social networking.
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[42] | Christian Timmerer, Markus Waltl, Benjamin Rainer, Niall Murray, Sensory Experience: Quality of Experience Beyond Audio-Visual, Chapter in Quality of Experience: Advanced Concepts, Applications and Methods (Sebastian Möller, Alexander Raake, eds.), Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 351-365, 2014.
[bib] [abstract]
Abstract: This chapter introduces the concept of Sensory Experience which aims to define the Quality of Experience (QoE) going beyond audio-visual content. In particular, we show how to utilize sensory effects such as ambient light, scent, wind, or vibration as additional dimensions contributing to the quality of the user experience. Therefore, we utilize a standardized representation format for sensory effects that are attached to traditional multimedia resources such as audio, video, and image contents. Sensory effects are rendered on special devices (e.g., fans, lights, motion chair, scent emitter) in synchronization with the traditional multimedia resources and shall stimulate also other senses than hearing and seeing with the intention to increase the Quality of Experience (QoE), in this context referred to as Sensory Experience.
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[41] | Christian Timmerer, Markus Waltl, Benjamin Rainer, Stefan Lederer, Hermann Hellwagner, Enhancing 3D Video to enable a Fully Immersive Sensory Experiences, In IEEE Multimedia Communications Technical Committee E-Letter, IEEE Communications Society [online], vol. 9, no. 1, New York, NY, USA, pp. 23-26, 2014.
[bib][url] [pdf] |
[40] | Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, A Subjective Evaluation using Crowdsourcing of Adaptive Media Playout utilizing Audio-Visual Content Features, In In Proceedings of the IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (IEEE NOMS 2014) (Hanan Lutfiyya, Piotr Cholda, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 0-0, 2014.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Synchronizing multimedia playback among geographically distributed clients is a challenging task and is referred to as Inter-Destination Media Synchronization (IDMS). In this paper we discuss the uses cases of IDMS as identified within the SocialSensor Project and based on these use cases we derive a novel Adaptive Media Playout (AMP) scheme which aims on carrying out the process of synchronizing the media playback at the clients to a given synchronization point. We propose how visual and acoustic features can be used to achieve a QoE-aware and context-aware AMP scheme.
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[39] | Matthais Klusch, Patrick Kapahnke, Xiaoqi Cao, Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, Stefan Mangold, MyMedia: Mobile Semantic Peer-to-Peer Video Search and Live Streaming, In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services (Moustafa Youssef, ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 10, 2014.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Mobile peer-to-peer (P2P) computing with applications such as for video on demand, file sharing, and video conferencing is gaining momentum based on new standards and technologies such as IETF PPSP, WiFi-Direct and BitTorrent live streaming. In this paper, we describe the mobile system MyMedia, that allows users to search, share and experience videos and live recordings using P2P and at the best quality possible with respect to available network capacity. In particular, the MyMedia system features a high-precision semantic P2P search and dynamic network-adaptive P2P live streaming of MPEG videos over HTTP based on the ISO/IEC standard MPEG-DASH from mobile to mobile devices in unstructured wireless P2P networks. These features have been integrated in the mobile application TIFF EventLive of the 54th Thessaloniki international film festival. The evaluation of their performance and device energy consumption, and a first user evaluation at the festival showed that the MyMedia system is suitable and accepted by users for its purpose in practice. The MyMedia system is available as open-source software for the Android operating system.
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[38] | Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, A Generic Utility Model Representing the Quality of Sensory Experience, In ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM) (Ralf Steinmetz, Gheorghita Ghinea, Christian Timmerer, Weisi Lin, Stephen Gulliver, Zheng-Jun Zha, Lei Zhang, Max Mühlhäuser, Alan Smeaton, eds.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 14:1-14:17, 2014.
[bib] [pdf] |
[37] | Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, Self-Organized Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization For Adaptive Media Streaming, In Proceedings of the 22st ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM, ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 10, 2014.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Social networks have become pervasive and have changed the way of social interaction. The traditional TV experience drifts from an event tied to a certain place with the family or friends to a location-independent and distributed social experience. Additionally, more and more video on-demand services adopt a pull-based streaming approach. In order to provide a synchronized and distributed TV experience we introduce a self-organized Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization (IDMS) framework for adaptive media streaming. In particular, we extend the principles of IDMS to adaptive media streaming over HTTP (i.e., MPEG-DASH) and enable a synchronized multimedia playback among geographically distributed clients. Therefore, we introduce session management to MPEG-DASH and for negotiating on a reference playback timestamp among the participating peers in an IDMS session we propose a distributed control scheme. We evaluate our proposed scheme with respect to scalability and time required for negotiating on the reference playback timestamp. Furthermore, we investigate how to compensate the identified asynchronism by using adaptive media playout with respect to the Quality of Experience (QoE). Therefore, we define a temporal distortion measure for audio and video which allows us to model the impact of playback rate variations on the QoE. This measure is evaluated by conducting a subjective quality assessment using crowdsourcing.
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[36] | Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, Quality of Experience of Web-based Adaptive HTTP Streaming Clients in Real-World Environments using Crowdsourcing, In First International Workshop on VideoNext: Design, Quality and Deployment of Adaptive Video Streaming (N N, ed.), ACM, Australia, Sydney, pp. 1-6, 2014.
[bib] [pdf] |
[35] | Tobias Hoßfeld, Christian Keimel, Christian Timmerer, Crowdsourcing Quality-of-Experience Assessments, In Computer, IEEE Computer Society, vol. 47, no. 9, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 98-102, 2014.
[bib] [doi] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Crowdsourced quality-of-experience (QoE) assessments are more cost-effective and flexible than traditional in-lab evaluations but require careful test design, innovative incentive mechanisms, and technical expertise to address various implementation challenges.
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[34] | Tobias Hoßfeld, Matthias Hirth, Pavel Korshunov, Philippe Hanhart, Bruno Gardlo, Christian Keimel, Christian Timmerer, Survey of Web-based Crowdsourcing Frameworks for Subjective Quality Assessment, In 2014 IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP 2014) (Susanto Rahardja, Zhengyou Zhang, Fernando Pereira, Alexander Loui, eds.), IEEE, Piscataway, N.J. 08854, U.S.A., pp. 6, 2014.
[bib] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: The popularity of the crowdsourcing for performing various tasks online increased significantly in the past few years. The low cost and flexibility of crowdsourcing, in particular, attracted researchers in the field of subjective multimedia evalua- tions and Quality of Experience (QoE). Since online assessment of multimedia content is challenging, several dedicated frameworks were created to aid in the designing of the tests, including the support of the testing methodologies like ACR, DCR, and PC, setting up the tasks, training sessions, screening of the subjects, and storage of the resulted data. In this paper, we focus on the web-based frameworks for multimedia quality assessments that support commonly used crowdsourcing platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk and Microworkers. We provide a detailed overview of the crowdsourcing frameworks and evaluate them to aid researchers in the field of QoE assessment in the selection of frameworks and crowdsourcing platforms that are adequate for their experiments.
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[33] | Gheorghita Ghinea, Christian Timmerer, Weisi Lin, Stephen Gulliver, Mulsemedia: State of the Art, Perspectives, and Challenges, In ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), ACM, vol. 11, no. 1s, New York, NY, USA, pp. 17:1-17:23, 2014.
[bib] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Mulsemedia—multiple sensorial media—captures a wide variety of research efforts and applications. This article presents a historic perspective on mulsemedia work and reviews current developments in the area. These take place across the traditional multimedia spectrum—from virtual reality applications to computer games—as well as efforts in the arts, gastronomy, and therapy, to mention a few. We also describe standardization efforts, via the MPEG-V standard, and identify future developments and exciting challenges the community needs to overcome.
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[32] | Gheorghita Ghinea, Christian Timmerer, Weisi Lin, Stephen Gulliver, Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Multiple Sensorial (MulSeMedia) Multimodal Media: Advances and Applications, In ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), ACM, vol. 11, no. 1s, New York, NY, USA, pp. 9:1-9:2, 2014.
[bib] [pdf] |
[31] | Markus Waltl, Benjamin Rainer, Stefan Lederer, Christian Timmerer, Katharina Gassner, Ralf Terlutter, A 4D Multimedia Player enabling Sensory Experience, In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX'13) (Christian Timmerer, Patrick Le Callet, Martin Varela, Stefan Winkler, Tiago H Falk, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 126-127, 2013.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Lately, 3D is gaining momentum in cinemas and home environments. However, 2D and 3D video content only stimulates senses like hearing and seeing. In this paper we focus on a more enhanced level of entertainment by presenting a 4D multimedia player and a corresponding demonstration setup, which stimulates further senses such as haptics using the MPEG-V: Media Context and Control standard. The presented demonstration setup uses stereoscopic 3D and sensory devices, i.e., fans, vibration panels and lights. The combination of conventional 3D content with tailored sensory effects allows us to further enhance the viewing experience of the users.
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[30] | Markus Waltl, Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, Hermann Hellwagner, An End-to-End tool chain for sensory experience based on MPEG-V, In Signal Processing: Image Communication, Elsevier, vol. 28, no. 2, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 136-150, 2013.
[bib][url] [doi] [abstract]
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of our research conducted in the area of Sensory Experience including our implementations using MPEG-V Part 3 entitled ”Sensory Information”. MPEG-V Part 3 introduces Sensory Experience as a tool to increase the Quality of Experience by annotating traditional multimedia data with sensory effects. These sensory effects are rendered on special devices like fans, vibration chairs, ambient lights, scent disposers, water sprayers, or heating/cooling devices stimulating senses beyond the traditional ones. The paper's main focus is on the end-to-end aspects including the generation, transmission, and synchronized rendering of sensory effects with the traditional multimedia data taking movie clips as an example. Therefore, we present in this paper an open source tool chain that provides a complete end-to-end sensory effect generation and consumption framework. Furthermore, we summarize results from various subjective quality assessments conducted in this area. Finally, we point out research challenges that may encourage further research within this emerging domain.
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[29] | Christian Timmerer, Benjamin Rainer, Waltl Markus, A Utility Model for Sensory Experience, In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX'13) (Christian Timmerer, Patrick Le Callet, Martin Varela, Stefan Winkler, Tiago H Falk, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 224-229, 2013.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Enriching multimedia with additional effects such as olfaction, light, wind, or vibration is gaining more and more momentum in both research and industry. Hence, there is the need to determine the influence of individual effects on the Quality of Experience (QoE). In this paper, we present a subjective quality assessment using the MPEG-V standard to annotate video sequences with individual sensory effects (i.e., wind, light, and vibration) and all combinations thereof. Based on the results we derive a utility model for sensory experience that accounts for the assessed sensory effects. Finally, we provide an example instantiation of the utility model and validate it against current and past results of our subjective quality assessments conducted so far.
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[28] | Christian Sieber, Tobias Hoßfeld, Thomas Zinner, Phuoc Tran-Gia, Christian Timmerer, Implementation and User-centric Comparison of a Novel Adaptation Logic for DASH with SVC, In Integrated Network Management (IM 2013), 2013 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on (Filip De Turck, Yixin Diao, Choong Seon Hong, Deep Medhi, Ramin Sadre, eds.), IEEE Communications Society, New York, NY, USA, pp. 1318-1323, 2013.
[bib] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: The MPEG-DASH standard allows the client-centric access to different representations of video content via the HTTP protocol. The client can flexibly switch between different qualities, i.e., different bit rates and thus avoid waiting times during the video playback due to empty playback buffers. However, quality switches and the playback of lower qualities is perceived by the user which may reduce the Quality of Experience (QoE). Therefore, novel algorithms are required which manage the streaming behavior with respect to the user's requirements and which do not waste network resources. As indicated by recent studies, scalable video coding (SVC) may use the current network and content distribution infrastructure in a more efficient way than with single layer codecs. The contribution of this paper is the design and the implementation of a novel DASH/SVC streaming algorithm. By means of measurements in a test-bed, its performance and benefits are evaluated and compared to existing algorithms from an user-centric view point with objective performance metrics. Our findings show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other DASH mechanisms in terms of video quality, low switching frequency and usage of the available resources in a realistic mobile network scenario. This is a first step towards true QoE management of video streaming in the Internet with DASH and SVC.
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[27] | Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, Markus Waltl, Recommendations for the Subjective Evaluation of Sensory Experience, In 4th International Workshop on Perceptual Quality of Systems 2013 (PQS 2013) (Raimund Schatz, ed.), IEEE, Vienna, Austria, pp. 1-6, 2013.
[bib] [abstract]
Abstract: Selecting and adopting the appropriate assessment method for conducting subjective quality assessments is a challenging task. The method decides whether the assessment is successful in delivering the correct answers to previously set up hypotheses. Therefore, in this paper we provide recommendations on test methods used in the domain of Sensory Experience. The proposed test methods comprise single stimulus and double stimulus methods. These test methods were used in previous studies and are presented in combination with the results of the subjective quality assessments with which they were used. Furthermore, we briefly outline our test setup, test design, and test content for assessing Sensory Experience which have been validated through conducted assessments.
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[26] | Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, Adaptive Media Playout for Inter-Destination Media Synchronization, In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX'13) (Christian Timmerer, Patrick Le Callet, Martin Varela, Stefan Winkler, Tiago H Falk, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 44-45, 2013.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Synchronizing multimedia playback among geographically distributed clients is a challenging task and is referred to as Inter-Destination Media Synchronization (IDMS). In this paper we discuss the uses cases of IDMS as identified within the SocialSensor Project and based on these use cases we derive a novel Adaptive Media Playout (AMP) scheme which aims on carrying out the process of synchronizing the media playback at the clients to a given synchronization point. We propose how visual and acoustic features can be used to achieve a QoE-aware and context-aware AMP scheme.
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[25] | Benjamin Rainer, Markus Waltl, Christian Timmerer, A Web based Subjective Evaluation Platform, In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX'13) (Christian Timmerer, Patrick Le Callet, Martin Varela, Stefan Winkler, Tiago H Falk, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 24-25, 2013.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Preparing and conducting subjective quality assessments is a time consuming and expensive task. Therefore, we present a Web-based evaluation framework which aims on reducing the time needed for planning and designing a subjective quality assessment. The presented framework can be used for both crowdsourced and laboratory experiments. It should ease the task of designing a subjective quality assessment by providing a flexible framework. The framework has proven its applicability and flexibility to design and conduct assessments in the past and is available as open source.
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[24] | Yaning Liu, Joost Geurts, Jean-Charles Point, Stefan Lederer, Benjamin Rainer, Christopher Mueller, Christian Timmerer, Hermann Hellwagner, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over CCN: A Caching and Overhead Analysis, In Proceedings of the IEEE international Conference on Communication (ICC) 2013 – Next-Generation Networking Symposium (Christopher Mattheisen, Tutomu Murase, eds.), IEEE, Budapest, pp. 2222-2226, 2013.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: In this paper, we present our implementation and evaluation of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over Content centric networking (DASC) which implements MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) utilizing a Content Centric Networking (CCN) naming scheme to identify content segments in a CCN network. In particular, video segments formatted according to MPEG-DASH are available in different quality levels but instead of HTTP, CCN is used for referencing and delivery. Based on the conditions of the network, the DASC client issues interests for segments achieving the best throughput. Due to segment caching within the network, subsequent requests for the same content can be served quicker. As a result, the quality of the video a user receives progressively improves, effectively overcoming bottlenecks in the network. We present two sets of experiments to evaluate the performance of DASC showing that throughput indeed improves. However, the generated overhead is relatively large and the adaptation strategy used for DASH that assumes an end-to-end connection could be revised for the hop-by-hop architecture of CCN.
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[23] | Stefan Lederer, Christopher Mueller, Benjamin Rainer, Christian Timmerer, Hermann Hellwagner, Adaptive Streaming over Content Centric Networks in Mobile Networks using Multiple Links, In In Proceedings of the IEEE ICC'13 - Workshop on Immersive & Interactive Multimedia Communications over the Future Internet (Pedro Assuncao, Luigi Atzori, Tasos Dagiuklas, Ahmet Kondoz, eds.), IEEE, Budapest, pp. 687-691, 2013.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: This paper presents the usage of Content Centric Networking (CCN) for adaptive multimedia streaming in mobile environments, leveraging the recent ISO/IEC MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) standard. The performance of DASH over CCN is evaluated using real-world mobile bandwidth traces and compared to previous evaluations of different DASH-based as well as proprietary systems. As there are no client-server connections in CCN, it offers the possibility to transfer data from multiple sources as well as over multiple links in parallel, which is definitely an important feature, e.g., for mobile devices offering multiple network links. This functionality is used and evaluated in this paper in combination with DASH, making it possible to dynamically choose the best performing link for media streaming, which is a clear advantage over DASH using HTTP and the TCP/IP protocol stack. The evaluation therefore investigates DASH over CCN in two scenarios using synthetic and real-world mobile bandwidth traces respectively, showing a significantly better performance than conventional DASH using only one connection.
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[22] | Stefan Lederer, Christopher Mueller, Christian Timmerer, Cyril Concolato, Jean Le Feuvre, Karel Fliegel, Distributed DASH Dataset, In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference (Carsten Griwodz, ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. pp. 131-135, 2013.
[bib][url] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: The delivery of multimedia content over HTTP and on top of existing Internet infrastructures is becoming the preferred method within heterogeneous environment. The basic design principle is having an intelligent client which selects given and applicable media representations by issuing HTTP requests for individual segments based on the users' context and current conditions. Typically, this client behavior differs between implementations of the same kind and for the objective evaluations thereof appropriate datasets are needed. This paper presents a distributed dataset for the recently published MPEG-DASH standard which is mirrored at different sites across Europe, namely Klagenfurt, Paris, and Prague. A client implementation may choose to request segments from these sites and dynamically switch to a different location, e.g., in case the one currently used causes any issues. Thus, this distributed DASH dataset can be used for real-world evaluations enabling the simulation of switching between different content delivery networks.
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[21] | Claudio Alberti, Daniele Renzi, Christian Timmerer, Christopher Mueller, Stefan Lederer, Stefano Battista, Marco Mattavelli, Automated QoE Evaluation of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX'13) (Christian Timmerer, Patrick Le Callet, Martin Varela, Stefan Winkler, Tiago Falk, eds.), IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 58-63, 2013.
[bib] [pdf] [abstract]
Abstract: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is referred to as a multimedia streaming standard to deliver high quality multimedia content over the Internet using conventional HTTP Web servers. As a fundamental feature, it enables automatic switching of quality levels according to network conditions, user requirements, and expectations. Currently, the proposed adaptation schemes for HTTP streaming mostly rely on throughput measurements and/or buffer-related metrics, such as buffer exhaustion and levels. In this paper, we propose to enhance the DASH adaptation logic by feeding it with additional information from our evaluation of the users' perception approximating the user- perceived quality of video playback. The proposed model aims at conveniently combining TCP-, buffer-, and media content-related metrics as well as user requirements and expectations to be used as an input for the DASH adaptation logic. Experiments have demonstrated that the chosen model enhances the capability of the adaptation logic to select the optimal video quality level. Finally, we integrated all our findings into a real DASH system with QoE monitoring capabilities.
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