% Search: DASH % Encoding: utf-8 @InProceedings{Tashtarian2021, author = {Farzad Tashtarian and Abdelhak Bentaleb and Reza Farahani and Minh Nguyen and Christian Timmerer and Hellwagner, Hermann and Roger Zimmermann}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE 46th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)}, title = {{A Distributed Delivery Architecture for User Generated Content Live Streaming over HTTP}}, year = {2021}, month = {oct}, pages = {162--169}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Live User Generated Content (UGC) has become very popular in today’s video streaming applications, in particular with gaming and e-sport. However, streaming UGC presents unique challenges for video delivery. When dealing with the technical complexity of managing hundreds or thousands of concurrent streams that are geographically distributed, UGC systems are forces to made difficult trade-offs with video quality and latency. To bridge this gap, this paper presents a fully distributed architecture for UGC delivery over the Internet, termed QuaLA (joint Quality-Latency Architecture). The proposed architecture aims to jointly optimize video quality and latency for a better user experience and fairness. By using the proximal Jacobi alternating direction method of multipliers (ProxJ-ADMM) technique, QuaLA proposes a fully distributed mechanism to achieve an appropriate solution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture through real-world experiments using the CloudLAB testbed. Experimental results show the outperformance of QuaLA in achieving high quality with more than 57% improvement while preserving a good level of fairness and respecting a given target latency among all clients compared to conventional client-driven solutions.}, doi = {10.1109/lcn52139.2021.9525027}, keywords = {UGC streaming, low latency live streaming, fairness, QoE, HAS, DASH, ABR, adaptive streaming, ADMM}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9525027} } @InProceedings{Menon2021a, author = {Vignesh V Menon and Hadi Amirpour and Mohammad Ghanbari and Christian Timmerer}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)}, title = {{Efficient Content-Adaptive Feature-Based Shot Detection for HTTP Adaptive Streaming}}, year = {2021}, month = {sep}, pages = {2174--2178}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Video delivery over the Internet has been becoming a commodity in recent years, owing to the widespread use of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). The DASH specification defines a hierarchical data model for Media Presentation Descriptions (MPDs) in terms of segments. This paper focuses on segmenting video into multiple shots for encoding in Video on Demand (VoD) HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) applications. Therefore, we propose a novel Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) feature-based shot detection and successive elimination algorithm for shot detection and compare it against the default shot detection algorithm of the x265 implementation of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed feature-based pre-processor has a recall rate of 25% and an F-measure of 20% greater than the benchmark algorithm for shot detection.}, doi = {10.1109/icip42928.2021.9506092}, keywords = {HTTP Adaptive Streaming, Video-on-Demand, Shot detection, multi-shot encoding}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9506092} } @InProceedings{Mehran2021, author = {Narges Mehran and Dragi Kimovski and Radu Prodan}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE/ACM 21st International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing (CCGrid)}, title = {{A Two-Sided Matching Model for Data Stream Processing in the Cloud textendash Fog Continuum}}, year = {2021}, month = {may}, pages = {514--524}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Latency-sensitive and bandwidth-intensive stream processing applications are dominant traffic generators over the Internet network. A stream consists of a continuous sequence of data elements, which require processing in nearly real-time. To improve communication latency and reduce the network congestion, Fog computing complements the Cloud services by moving the computation towards the edge of the network. Unfortunately, the heterogeneity of the new Cloud – Fog continuum raises important challenges related to deploying and executing data stream applications. We explore in this work a two-sided stable matching model called Cloud – Fog to data stream application matching (CODA) for deploying a distributed application rep-resented as a workflow of stream processing microservices on heterogeneous computing continuum resources. In CODA, the application microservices rank the continuum resources based on their microservice stream processing time, while resources rank the stream processing microservices based on their residual bandwidth. A stable many-to-one matching algorithm assigns microservices to resources based on their mutual preferences, aiming to optimize the complete stream processing time on the application side, and the total streaming traffic on the resource side. We evaluate the CODA algorithm using simulated and real-world Cloud – Fog experimental scenarios. We achieved 11-45% lower stream processing time and 1.3-20% lower streaming traffic compared to related state-of-the-art approaches.}, doi = {10.1109/ccgrid51090.2021.00061}, keywords = {Cloud - fog computing, Distributed databases, Bandwidth, Games, Streaming media, Data models, Real-time systems}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9499353} } @InProceedings{Farahani2021a, author = {Reza Farahani and Farzad Tashtarian and Hadi Amirpour and Christian Timmerer and Mohammad Ghanbari and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE 46th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)}, title = {{CSDN: CDN-Aware QoE Optimization in SDN-Assisted HTTP Adaptive Video Streaming}}, year = {2021}, month = {oct}, pages = {525--532}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Recent studies have revealed that network-assisted techniques, by providing a comprehensive view of the network, improve HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) system performance significantly. This paper leverages the capability of Software-Defined Networking, Network Function Virtualization, and edge computing to introduce a CDN-Aware QoE Optimization in SDN-Assisted Adaptive Video Streaming (CSDN) framework. We employ virtualized edge entities to collect various information items and run an optimization model with a new server/segment selection approach in a time-slotted fashion to serve the clients’ requests by selecting optimal cache servers. In case of a cache miss, a client’s request is served by an optimal replacement quality from a cache server, by a quality transcoded from an optimal replacement quality at the edge, or by the originally requested quality from the origin server. Comprehensive experiments conducted on a large-scale testbed demonstrate that CSDN outperforms other approaches in terms of the users’ QoE and network utilization.}, doi = {10.1109/lcn52139.2021.9524970}, keywords = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), Edge Computing, Network-Assisted Video Streaming, Quality of Experience (QoE), Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Video Transcoding, Content Delivery Network (CDN)}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9524970} } @InProceedings{Farahani2021, author = {Reza Farahani and Farzad Tashtarian and Alireza Erfanian and Christian Timmerer and Mohammad Ghanbari and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video}, title = {{ES-HAS: an edge- and SDN-assisted framework for HTTP adaptive video streaming}}, year = {2021}, month = {jul}, pages = {50--57}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {Recently, HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) has become the dominant video delivery technology over the Internet. In HAS, clients have full control over the media streaming and adaptation processes. Lack of coordination among the clients and lack of awareness of the network conditions may lead to sub-optimal user experience and resource utilization in a pure client-based HAS adaptation scheme. Software Defined Networking (SDN) has recently been considered to enhance the video streaming process. In this paper, we leverage the capability of SDN and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) to introduce an edge- and SDN-assisted video streaming framework called ES-HAS. We employ virtualized edge components to collect HAS clients' requests and retrieve networking information in a time-slotted manner. These components then perform an optimization model in a time-slotted manner to efficiently serve clients' requests by selecting an optimal cache server (with the shortest fetch time). In case of a cache miss, a client's request is served (i) by an optimal replacement quality (only better quality levels with minimum deviation) from a cache server, or (ii) by the original requested quality level from the origin server. This approach is validated through experiments on a large-scale testbed, and the performance of our framework is compared to pure client-based strategies and the SABR system [12]. Although SABR and ES-HAS show (almost) identical performance in the number of quality switches, ES-HAS outperforms SABR in terms of playback bitrate and the number of stalls by at least 70% and 40%, respectively.}, doi = {10.1145/3458306.3460997}, keywords = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), Edge Computing, Network-Assisted Video Streaming, Quality of Experience (QoE), Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV)}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3458306.3460997} } @Article{Erfanian2021, author = {Alireza Erfanian and Farzad Tashtarian and Anatoliy Zabrovskiy and Christian Timmerer and Hellwagner, Hermann}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management}, title = {{OSCAR: On Optimizing Resource Utilization in Live Video Streaming}}, year = {2021}, issn = {1932-4537}, month = {mar}, number = {1}, pages = {552--569}, volume = {18}, abstract = {Live video streaming traffic and related applications have experienced significant growth in recent years. However, this has been accompanied by some challenging issues, especially in terms of resource utilization. Although IP multicasting can be recognized as an efficient mechanism to cope with these challenges, it suffers from many problems. Applying software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies enable researchers to cope with IP multicasting issues in novel ways. In this article, by leveraging the SDN concept, we introduce OSCAR (Optimizing reSourCe utilizAtion in live video stReaming) as a new cost-aware video streaming approach to provide advanced video coding (AVC)-based live streaming services in the network. In this article, we use two types of virtualized network functions (VNFs): virtual reverse proxy (VRP) and virtual transcoder function (VTF). At the edge of the network, VRPs are responsible for collecting clients’ requests and sending them to an SDN controller. Then, by executing a mixed-integer linear program (MILP), the SDN controller determines a group of optimal multicast trees for streaming the requested videos from an appropriate origin server to the VRPs. Moreover, to elevate the efficiency of resource allocation and meet the given end-to-end latency threshold, OSCAR delivers only the highest requested quality from the origin server to an optimal group of VTFs over a multicast tree. The selected VTFs then transcode the received video segments and transmit them to the requesting VRPs in a multicast fashion. To mitigate the time complexity of the proposed MILP model, we present a simple and efficient heuristic algorithm that determines a near-optimal solution in polynomial time. Using the MiniNet emulator, we evaluate the performance of OSCAR in various scenarios. The results show that OSCAR surpasses other SVC- and AVC-based multicast and unicast approaches in terms of cost and resource utilization.}, doi = {10.1109/tnsm.2021.3051950}, keywords = {Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH), live video streaming, software defined networking (SDN), video transcoding, network function virtualization (NFV)}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9327491} } @InCollection{Amirpourazarian2021b, author = {Hadi Amirpour and Ekrem Cetinkaya and Christian Timmerer and Mohammad Ghanbari}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th Internationl Conference on Multimedia Modeling (MMM 2021)}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, title = {{Towards Optimal Multirate Encoding for {HTTP} Adaptive Streaming}}, year = {2021}, month = jan, number = {12572}, pages = {469--480}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, abstract = {HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) enables high quality stream-ing of video contents. In HAS, videos are divided into short intervalscalled segments, and each segment is encoded at various quality/bitratesto adapt to the available bandwidth. Multiple encodings of the same con-tent imposes high cost for video content providers. To reduce the time-complexity of encoding multiple representations, state-of-the-art methods typically encode the highest quality representation first and reusethe information gathered during its encoding to accelerate the encodingof the remaining representations. As encoding the highest quality rep-resentation requires the highest time-complexity compared to the lowerquality representations, it would be a bottleneck in parallel encoding scenarios and the overall time-complexity will be limited to the time-complexity of the highest quality representation. In this paper and toaddress this problem, we consider all representations from the highestto the lowest quality representation as a potential, single reference toaccelerate the encoding of the other, dependent representations. We for-mulate a set of encoding modes and assess their performance in terms ofBD-Rate and time-complexity, using both VMAF and PSNR as objec-tive metrics. Experimental results show that encoding a middle qualityrepresentation as a reference, can significantly reduce the maximum en-coding complexity and hence it is an efficient way of encoding multiplerepresentations in parallel. Based on this fact, a fast multirate encodingmethod is proposed which utilizes depth and prediction mode of a middle quality representation to accelerate the encoding of the dependentrepresentations.}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-67832-6_38}, keywords = {HEVC, Video Encoding, Multirate Encoding, DASH}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-67832-6_38} } @InProceedings{Zabrovskiy2020, author = {Anatoliy Zabrovskiy and Prateek Agrawal and Roland Matha and Christian Timmerer and Radu Prodan}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Multimedia Big Data (BigMM)}, title = {{ComplexCTTP: Complexity Class Based Transcoding Time Prediction for Video Sequences Using Artificial Neural Network}}, year = {2020}, month = sep, pages = {316--325}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, abstract = {HTTP Adaptive Streaming of video content is becoming an integral part of the Internet and accounts for the majority of today’s traffic. Although Internet bandwidth is constantly increasing, video compression technology plays an important role and the major challenge is to select and set up multiple video codecs, each with hundreds of transcoding parameters. Additionally, the transcoding speed depends directly on the selected transcoding parameters and the infrastructure used. Predicting transcoding time for multiple transcoding parameters with different codecs and processing units is a challenging task, as it depends on many factors. This paper provides a novel and considerably fast method for transcoding time prediction using video content classification and neural network prediction. Our artificial neural network (ANN) model predicts the transcoding times of video segments for state of the art video codecs based on transcoding parameters and content complexity. We evaluated our method for two video codecs/implementations (AVC/x264 and HEVC/x265) as part of large-scale HTTP Adaptive Streaming services. The ANN model of our method is able to predict the transcoding time by minimizing the mean absolute error (MAE) to 1.37 and 2.67 for x264 and x265 codecs, respectively. For x264, this is an improvement of 22\% compared to the state of the art.}, doi = {10.1109/bigmm50055.2020.00056}, keywords = {Transcoding time prediction, adaptive streaming, video transcoding, neural networks, video encoding, video complexity class, HTTP adaptive streaming, MPEG-DASH}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9232616} } @InProceedings{VenkataPhaniKumar2020, author = {Venkata Phani Kumar Malladi and Christian Timmerer and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)}, title = {{Mipso: Multi-Period Per-Scene Optimization For HTTP Adaptive Streaming}}, year = {2020}, month = {jul}, pages = {1--6}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Video delivery over the Internet has become more and more established in recent years due to the widespread use of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). The current DASH specification defines a hierarchical data model for Media Presentation Descriptions (MPDs) in terms of periods, adaptation sets, representations and segments. Although multi-period MPDs are widely used in live streaming scenarios, they are not fully utilized in Video-on-Demand (VoD) HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) scenarios. In this paper, we introduce MiPSO, a framework for Multi–Period per-Scene Optimization, to examine multiple periods in VoD HAS scenarios. MiPSO provides different encoded representations of a video at either (i) maximum possible quality or (ii) minimum possible bitrate, beneficial to both service providers and subscribers. In each period, the proposed framework adjusts the video representations (resolution-bitrate pairs) by taking into account the complexities of the video content, with the aim of achieving streams at either higher qualities or lower bitrates. The experimental evaluation with a test video data set shows that the MiPSO reduces the average bitrate of streams with the same visual quality by approximately 10% or increases the visual quality of streams by at least 1 dB in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise (PSNR) at the same bitrate compared to conventional approaches to video content delivery.}, doi = {10.1109/icme46284.2020.9102775}, keywords = {Adaptive Streaming, Video-on-Demand, Per-Scene Encoding, Media Presentation Description}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9102775} } @InProceedings{Taraghi2020, author = {Babak Taraghi and Anatoliy Zabrovskiy and Christian Timmerer and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference}, title = {{Cloud-based Adaptive Video Streaming Evaluation Framework for the Automated Testing of Media Players CAdViSE}}, year = {2020}, month = {may}, pages = {349--352}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {Attempting to cope with fluctuations of network conditions in terms of available bandwidth, latency and packet loss, and to deliver the highest quality of video (and audio) content to users, research on adaptive video streaming has attracted intense efforts from the research community and huge investments from technology giants. How successful these efforts and investments are, is a question that needs precise measurements of the results of those technological advancements. HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming (HAS) algorithms, which seek to improve video streaming over the Internet, introduce video bitrate adaptivity in a way that is scalable and efficient. However, how each HAS implementation takes into account the wide spectrum of variables and configuration options, brings a high complexity to the task of measuring the results and visualizing the statistics of the performance and quality of experience. In this paper, we introduce CAdViSE, our Cloud-based Adaptive Video Streaming Evaluation framework for the automated testing of adaptive media players. The paper aims to demonstrate a test environment which can be instantiated in a cloud infrastructure, examines multiple media players with different network attributes at defined points of the experiment time, and finally concludes the evaluation with visualized statistics and insights into the results.}, doi = {10.1145/3339825.3393581}, keywords = {HTTP Adaptive Streaming, Media Players, MPEG-DASH, Network Emulation, Automated Testing, Quality of Experience}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3339825.3393581} } @InProceedings{Nguyen2020a, author = {Minh Nguyen and Christian Timmerer and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th ACM Workshop on Packet Video}, title = {{H2BR: An HTTP/2-based Retransmission Technique to Improve the QoE of Adaptive Video Streaming}}, year = {2020}, month = {jun}, pages = {1--7}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming (HAS) plays a key role in over-the-top video streaming. It contributes towards reducing the rebuffering duration of video playout by adapting the video quality to the current network conditions. However, it incurs variations of video quality in a streaming session because of the throughput fluctuation, which impacts the user’s Quality of Experience (QoE). Besides, many adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms choose the lowest-quality segments at the beginning of the streaming session to ramp up the playout buffer as soon as possible. Although this strategy decreases the startup time, the users can be annoyed as they have to watch a low-quality video initially. In this paper, we propose an efficient retransmission technique, namely H2BR, to replace low-quality segments being stored in the playout buffer with higher-quality versions by using features of HTTP/2 including (i) stream priority, (ii) server push, and (iii) stream termination. The experimental results show that H2BR helps users avoid watching low video quality during video playback and improves the user’s QoE. H2BR can decrease by up to more than 70% the time when the users suffer the lowest-quality video as well as benefits the QoE by up to 13%.}, doi = {10.1145/3386292.3397117}, keywords = {HTTP adaptive streaming, DASH, ABR algorithms, QoE, HTTP/2}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3386292.3397117} } @InProceedings{Hooft2020, author = {Jeroen van der Hooft and Maria Torres Vega and Christian Timmerer and Ali C. Begen and Filip De Turck and Raimund Schatz}, booktitle = {2020 Twelfth International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX)}, title = {{Objective and Subjective QoE Evaluation for Adaptive Point Cloud Streaming}}, year = {2020}, month = {may}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Volumetric media has the potential to provide the six degrees of freedom (6DoF) required by truly immersive media. However, achieving 6DoF requires ultra-high bandwidth transmissions, which real-world wide area networks cannot provide economically. Therefore, recent efforts have started to target efficient delivery of volumetric media, using a combination of compression and adaptive streaming techniques. It remains, however, unclear how the effects of such techniques on the user perceived quality can be accurately evaluated. In this paper, we present the results of an extensive objective and subjective quality of experience (QoE) evaluation of volumetric 6DoF streaming. We use PCC-DASH, a standards-compliant means for HTTP adaptive streaming of scenes comprising multiple dynamic point cloud objects. By means of a thorough analysis we investigate the perceived quality impact of the available bandwidth, rate adaptation algorithm, viewport prediction strategy and user’s motion within the scene. We determine which of these aspects has more impact on the user’s QoE, and to what extent subjective and objective assessments are aligned.}, doi = {10.1109/qomex48832.2020.9123081}, keywords = {Volumetric Media, HTTP Adaptive Streaming, 6DoF, MPEG V-PCC, QoE Assessment, Objective Metrics}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9123081} } @InProceedings{Erfanian2020, author = {Alireza Erfanian and Farzad Tashtarian and Reza Farahani and Christian Timmerer and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {2020 6th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)}, title = {{On Optimizing Resource Utilization in AVC-based Real-time Video Streaming}}, year = {2020}, month = {jun}, pages = {301--309}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Real-time video streaming traffic and related applications have witnessed significant growth in recent years. However, this has been accompanied by some challenging issues, predominantly resource utilization. IP multicasting, as a solution to this problem, suffers from many problems. Using scalable video coding could not gain wide adoption in the industry, due to reduced compression efficiency and additional computational complexity. The emerging software-defined networking (SDN)and network function virtualization (NFV) paradigms enable re-searchers to cope with IP multicasting issues in novel ways. In this paper, by leveraging the SDN and NFV concepts, we introduce a cost-aware approach to provide advanced video coding (AVC)-based real-time video streaming services in the network. In this study, we use two types of virtualized network functions (VNFs): virtual reverse proxy (VRP) and virtual transcoder (VTF)functions. At the edge of the network, VRPs are responsible for collecting clients’ requests and sending them to an SDN controller. Then, executing a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) determines an optimal multicast tree from an appropriate set of video source servers to the optimal group of transcoders. The desired video is sent over the multicast tree. The VTFs transcode the received video segments and stream to the requested VRPs over unicast paths. To mitigate the time complexity of the proposed MILPmodel, we propose a heuristic algorithm that determines a near-optimal solution in a reasonable amount of time. Using theMiniNet emulator, we evaluate the proposed approach and show it achieves better performance in terms of cost and resource utilization in comparison with traditional multicast and unicast approaches.}, doi = {10.1109/netsoft48620.2020.9165450}, keywords = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), Real-time Video Streaming, Software Defined Networking (SDN), Video Transcoding, Network Function Virtualization (NFV)}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9165450} } @InProceedings{Cetinkaya2020, author = {Ekrem Cetinkaya and Hadi Amirpour and Christian Timmerer and Mohammad Ghanbari}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP)}, title = {{FaME-ML: Fast Multirate Encoding for HTTP Adaptive Streaming Using Machine Learning}}, year = {2020}, month = {dec}, pages = {87--90}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, abstract = {HTTP Adaptive Streaming(HAS) is the most common approach for delivering video content over the Internet. The requirement to encode the same content at different quality levels (i.e., representations) in HAS is a challenging problem for content providers. Fast multirate encoding approaches try to accelerate this process by reusing information from previously encoded representations. In this paper, we propose to use convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to speed up the encoding of multiple representations with a specific focus on parallel encoding. In parallel encoding, the overall time-complexity is limited to the maximum time-complexity of one of the representations that are encoded in parallel. Therefore, instead of reducing the time-complexity for all representations, the highest time-complexities are reduced. Experimental results show that FaME-ML achieves significant time-complexity savings in parallel encoding scenarios(41%in average) with a slight increase in bitrate and quality degradation compared to the HEVC reference software.}, doi = {10.1109/vcip49819.2020.9301850}, keywords = {HEVC, Multirate Encoding, Machine Learning, DASH, HTTP Adaptive Streaming, HAS}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9301850} } @Article{Bentaleb2020, author = {Abdelhak Bentaleb and Christian Timmerer and Ali C. Begen and Roger Zimmermann}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications}, title = {{Performance Analysis of ACTE: a Bandwidth Prediction Method for Low-Latency Chunked Streaming}}, year = {2020}, issn = {1551-6857}, month = {jul}, number = {2s}, pages = {1--24}, volume = {16}, abstract = {HTTP adaptive streaming with chunked transfer encoding can offer low-latency streaming without sacrificing the coding efficiency.This allows media segments to be delivered while still being packaged. However, conventional schemes often make widely inaccurate bandwidth measurements due to the presence of idle periods between the chunks and hence this is causing sub-optimal adaptation decisions. To address this issue, we earlier proposed ACTE (ABR for Chunked Transfer Encoding), a bandwidth prediction scheme for low-latency chunked streaming. While ACTE was a significant step forward, in this study we focus on two still remaining open areas, namely (i) quantifying the impact of encoding parameters, including chunk and segment durations, bitrate levels, minimum interval between IDR-frames and frame rate onACTE, and (ii) exploring the impact of video content complexity on ACTE. We thoroughly investigate these questions and report on our findings. We also discuss some additional issues that arise in the context of pursuing very low latency HTTP video streaming.}, doi = {10.1145/3387921}, keywords = {HAS, ABR, DASH, CMAF, low-latency, HTTP chunked transfer encoding, bandwidth measurement and prediction, RLS, encoding parameters, FFmpeg}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3387921} } @InProceedings{Amirpour2020, author = {Hadi Amirpour and Christian Timmerer and Mohammad Ghanbari}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW)}, title = {{Towards View-Aware Adaptive Streaming of Holographic Content}}, year = {2020}, month = {jul}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Holography is able to reconstruct a three-dimensional structure of an object by recording full wave fields of light emitted from the object. This requires a huge amount of data to be encoded, stored, transmitted, and decoded for holographic content, making its practical usage challenging especially for bandwidth-constrained networks and memory-limited devices. In the delivery of holographic content via the internet, bandwidth wastage should be avoided to tackle high bandwidth demands of holography streaming. For real-time applications, encoding time-complexity is also a major problem. In this paper, the concept of dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) is extended to holography image streaming and view-aware adaptation techniques are studied. As each area of a hologram contains information of a specific view, instead of encoding and decoding the entire hologram, just the part required to render the selected view is encoded and transmitted via the network based on the users’ interactivity. Four different strategies, namely, monolithic, single view, adaptive view, and non-real time streaming strategies are explained and compared in terms of bandwidth requirements, encoding time-complexity, and bitrate overhead. Experimental results show that the view-aware methods reduce the required bandwidth for holography streaming at the cost of a bitrate increase.}, doi = {10.1109/icmew46912.2020.9106055}, keywords = {Holography, compression, bitrate adaption, dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP, DASH}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9106055} } @InProceedings{AguilarArmijo2020, author = {Jesus Aguilar-Armijo and Babak Taraghi and Christian Timmerer and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM)}, title = {{Dynamic Segment Repackaging at the Edge for {HTTP} Adaptive Streaming}}, year = {2020}, month = {dec}, pages = {17--24}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Adaptive video streaming systems typically support different media delivery formats, e.g., MPEG-DASH and HLS, replicating the same content multiple times into the network. Such a diversified system results in inefficient use of storage, caching, and bandwidth resources. The Common Media Application Format (CMAF) emerges to simplify HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS), providing a single encoding and packaging format of segmented media content and offering the opportunities of bandwidth savings, more cache hits and less storage needed. However, CMAF is not yet supported by most devices. To solve this issue, we present a solution where we maintain the main advantages of CMAF while supporting heterogeneous devices using different media delivery formats. For that purpose, we propose to dynamically convert the content from CMAF to the desired media delivery format at an edge node. We study the bandwidth savings with our proposed approach using an analytical model and simulation, resulting in bandwidth savings of up to 20% with different media delivery format distributions. We analyze the runtime impact of the required operations on the segmented content performed in two scenarios: the classic one, with four different media delivery formats, and the proposed scenario, using CMAF-only delivery through the network. We compare both scenarios with different edge compute power assumptions. Finally, we perform experiments in a real video streaming testbed delivering MPEG-DASH using CMAF content to serve a DASH and an HLS client, performing the media conversion for the latter one.}, doi = {10.1109/ism.2020.00009}, keywords = {CMAF, Edge Computing, HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS)} } @Article{Agrawal2020, author = {Prateek Agrawal and Anatoliy Zabrovskiy and Adithyan Ilangovan and Christian Timmerer and Radu Prodan}, journal = {Cluster Computing}, title = {{FastTTPS: fast approach for video transcoding time prediction and scheduling for HTTP adaptive streaming videos}}, year = {2020}, issn = {1573-7543}, month = {nov}, pages = {1--17}, abstract = {HTTP adaptive streaming of video content becomes an integrated part of the Internet and dominates other streaming protocols and solutions. The duration of creating video content for adaptive streaming ranges from seconds or up to several hours or days, due to the plethora of video transcoding parameters and video source types. Although, the computing resources of different transcoding platforms and services constantly increase, accurate and fast transcoding time prediction and scheduling is still crucial. We propose in this paper a novel method called fast video transcoding time prediction and scheduling (FastTTPS) of x264 encoded videos based on three phases: (i) transcoding data engineering, (ii) transcoding time prediction, and (iii) transcoding scheduling. The first phase is responsible for video sequence selection, segmentation and feature data collection required for predicting the transcoding time. The second phase develops an artificial neural network (ANN) model for segment transcoding time prediction based on transcoding parameters and derived video complexity features. The third phase compares a number of parallel schedulers to map the predicted transcoding segments on the underlying high-performance computing resources. Experimental results show that our predictive ANN model minimizes the transcoding mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE) by up to 1.7 and 26.8, respectively. In terms of scheduling, our method reduces the transcoding time by up to 38% using a Max–Min algorithm compared to the actual transcoding time without prediction information.}, doi = {10.1007/s10586-020-03207-x}, keywords = {Transcoding time prediction, Video transcoding, Scheduling, Artificial neural networks, MPEG-DASH, Adaptive streaming}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10586-020-03207-x} } @InProceedings{Zabrovskiy2018, title = {Multi-codec DASH dataset}, author = {Zabrovskiy, Anatoliy and Feldmann, Christian and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {MMSys '18 Proceedings of the 9th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference}, year = {2018}, address = {New York (NY)}, month = {Juni}, pages = {438--443}, publisher = {ACM Press}, abstract = {The number of bandwidth-hungry applications and services is constantly growing. HTTP adaptive streaming of audio-visual content accounts for the majority of today's internet traffic. Although the internet bandwidth increases also constantly, audio-visual compression technology is inevitable and we are currently facing the challenge to be confronted with multiple video codecs.This paper proposes a multi-codec DASH dataset comprising AVC, HEVC, VP9, and AV1 in order to enable interoperability testing and streaming experiments for the efficient usage of these codecs under various conditions. We adopt state of the art encoding and packaging options and also provide basic quality metrics along with the DASH segments. Additionally, we briefly introduce a multi-codec DASH scheme and possible usage scenarios. Finally, we provide a preliminary evaluation of the encoding efficiency in the context of HTTP adaptive streaming services and applications.}, doi = {10.1145/3204949.3208140}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3208140} } @InProceedings{Rainer2018, author = {Rainer, Benjamin and Petscharnig, Stefan and Timmerer, Christian}, title = {{Merge and Forward: A Self-Organized Inter-Destination Media Synchronization Scheme for Adaptive Media Streaming over HTTP}}, booktitle = {MediaSync}, year = {2018}, pages = {593--627}, address = {Berlin}, month = {März}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {In this chapter, we present Merge and Forward, an IDMS scheme for adaptive HTTP streaming as a distributed control scheme and adopting the MPEG-DASH standard as representation format. We introduce so-called IDMS sessions and describe how an unstructured peer-to-peer overlay can be created using the session information using MPEG-DASH. We objectively assess the performance of Merge and Forward with respect to convergence time (time needed until all clients hold the same reference time stamp) and scalability. After the negotiation on a reference time stamp, the clients have to synchronize their multimedia playback to the agreed reference time stamp. In order to achieve this, we propose a new adaptive media playout approach minimizing the impact of playback synchronization on the QoE. The proposed adaptive media playout is assessed subjectively using crowd sourcing. We further propose a crowd sourcing methodology for conducting subjective quality assessments in the field of IDMS by utilizing GWAP. We validate the applicability of our methodology by investigating the lower asynchronism threshold for IDMS in scenarios like online quiz games.}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-65840-7_21}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65840-7_21} } @InProceedings{Hosseini2018, title = {Dynamic Adaptive Point Cloud Streaming}, author = {Hosseini, Mohammad and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {PV '18 Proceedings of the 23rd Packet Video Workshop}, year = {2018}, address = {New York (NY)}, month = {Juni}, pages = {25--30}, publisher = {ACM Press}, abstract = {High-quality point clouds have recently gained interest as an emerging form of representing immersive 3D graphics. Unfortunately, these 3D media are bulky and severely bandwidth intensive, which makes it difficult for streaming to resource-limited and mobile devices. This has called researchers to propose efficient and adaptive approaches for streaming of high-quality point clouds.In this paper, we run a pilot study towards dynamic adaptive point cloud streaming, and extend the concept of dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) towards DASH-PC, a dynamic adaptive bandwidth-efficient and view-aware point cloud streaming system. DASH-PC can tackle the huge bandwidth demands of dense point cloud streaming while at the same time can semantically link to human visual acuity to maintain high visual quality when needed. In order to describe the various quality representations, we propose multiple thinning approaches to spatially sub-sample point clouds in the 3D space, and design a DASH Media Presentation Description manifest speci.c for point cloud streaming. Our initial evaluations show that we can achieve signi.cant bandwidth and performance improvement on dense point cloud streaming with minor negative quality impacts compared to the baseline scenario when no adaptations is applied.}, doi = {10.1145/3210424.3210429}, url = {https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3210429} } @InProceedings{Zabrovskiy2017, author = {Zabrovskiy, Anatoliy and Kuzmin, Evgeny and Petrov, Evgeny and Timmerer, Christian and Mueller, Christopher}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM on Multimedia Systems Conference (MMSys'17)}, title = {AdViSE: Adaptive Video Streaming Evaluation Framework for the Automated Testing of Media Players}, year = {2017}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Chen, Kuan-Ta}, month = {jun}, pages = {4}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {Today we can observe a plethora of adaptive video stream- ing services and media players which support interoperable formats like DASH and HLS. Most of the players and their rate adaptation algorithms work as a black box. We have de- veloped a system for easy and rapid testing of media players under various network scenarios. In this paper, we introduce AdViSE, the Adaptive Video Streaming Evaluation frame- work for the automated testing of adaptive media players. The presented framework is used for the comparison and testing of media players in the context of adaptive video streaming over HTTP in web/HTML5 environments. The demonstration showcases a series of experiments with different media players under given context conditions (e.g., network shaping, delivery format). We will also demonstrate the real-time capabilities of the framework and offline anal- ysis including several QoE metrics with respect to a newly introduced bandwidth index.}, doi = {10.1145/3083187.3083221}, isbn10 = {978-1-4503-5002-0}, language = {EN}, location = {Taipei, Taiwan}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Demo_Paper_Camera_Ready.pdf}, talkdate = {2017.06.21}, talktype = {poster} } @Article{Rainer2017a, author = {Rainer, Benjamin and Petscharnig, Stefan and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Multimedia}, title = {Statistically Indifferent Quality Variation: An Approach for Reducing Multimedia Distribution Cost for Adaptive Video Streaming Services}, year = {2017}, month = {mar}, pages = {13}, volume = {19}, abstract = {Forecasts predict that Internet traffic will continue to grow in the near future. A huge share of this traffic is caused by multimedia streaming. The Quality of Experience (QoE) of such streaming services is an important aspect and in most cases the goal is to maximize the bit rate which -- in some cases -- conflicts with the requirements of both consumers and providers. For example, in mobile environments users may prefer a lower bit rate to come along with their data plan. Likewise, providers aim at minimizing bandwidth usage in order to reduce costs by transmitting less data to users while maintaining a high QoE. Today's adaptive video streaming services try to serve users with the highest bit rates which consequently results in high QoE. In practice, however, some of these high bit rate representations may not differ significantly in terms of perceived video quality compared to lower bit rate representations. In this paper, we present a novel approach to determine the statistically indifferent quality variation (SIQV) of adjacent video representations for adaptive video streaming services by adopting standard objective quality metrics and existing QoE models. In particular, whenever the quality variation between adjacent representations is imperceptible from a statistical point of view, the representation with higher bit rate can be substituted with a lower bit rate representation. As expected, this approach results in savings with respect to bandwidth consumption while still providing a high QoE for users. The approach is evaluated subjectively with a crowdsourcing study. Additionally, we highlight the benefits of our approach, by providing a case study that extrapolates possible savings for providers.}, address = {New York, USA}, doi = {10.1109/TMM.2016.2629761}, keywords = {Adaptive Video Streaming, Quality of Experience, MPEG-DASH}, language = {EN}, publisher = {IEEE}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7745907/} } @InProceedings{Graf2017, author = {Graf, Mario and Timmerer, Christian and Mueller, Christopher}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM on Multimedia Systems Conference (MMSys'17)}, title = {Towards Bandwidth Efficient Adaptive Streaming of Omnidirectional Video over HTTP: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation}, year = {2017}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Chen, Kuan-Ta}, month = {jun}, pages = {11}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {Real-time entertainment services such as streaming audio- visual content deployed over the open, unmanaged Internet account now for more than 70% during peak periods. More and more such bandwidth hungry applications and services are proposed like immersive media services such as virtual reality and, specifically omnidirectional/360-degree videos. The adaptive streaming of omnidirectional video over HTTP imposes an important challenge on today’s video delivery infrastructures which calls for dedicated, thoroughly designed techniques for content generation, delivery, and consumption. This paper describes the usage of tiles — as specified within modern video codecs such HEVC/H.265 and VP9 — enabling bandwidth efficient adaptive streaming of omnidirectional video over HTTP and we define various streaming strategies. Therefore, the parameters and characteristics of a dataset for omnidirectional video are proposed and exemplary instanti- ated to evaluate various aspects of such an ecosystem, namely bitrate overhead, bandwidth requirements, and quality as- pects in terms of viewport PSNR. The results indicate bitrate savings from 40% (in a realistic scenario with recorded head movements from real users) up to 65% (in an ideal scenario with a centered/fixed viewport) and serve as a baseline and guidelines for advanced techniques including the outline of a research roadmap for the near future.}, language = {EN}, location = {Taipei, Taiwan}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Special_Session_Camera_Ready.pdf}, talkdate = {2016.06.20}, talktype = {registered} } @Article{Rainer2016, author = {Rainer, Benjamin and Posch, Daniel and Hellwagner, Hermann}, journal = {Journal on Selected Areas in Communications}, title = {Investigating the Performance of Pull-based Dynamic Adaptive Streaming in NDN}, year = {2016}, issn = {1558-0008}, month = {aug}, number = {8}, pages = {11}, volume = {34}, abstract = {Adaptive content delivery is the state-of-the-art in real-time multimedia streaming. Leading streaming approaches, e.g., MPEG-DASH and Apple HLS, have been developed for classical IP-based networks, providing effective streaming by means of pure client-based control and adaptation. However, the research activities of the Future Internet community adopt a new course that is different from today's host-based communication model. So-called Information-Centric Networks are of considerable interest and are advertised as enablers for intelligent networks, where effective content delivery is to be provided as an inherent network feature. This paper investigates the performance gap between pure client-driven adaptation and the theoretical optimum in the promising Future Internet architecture Named Data Networking (NDN). The theoretical optimum is derived by modeling multimedia streaming in NDN as a fractional Multi-Commodity Flow Problem and by extending it taking caching into account. We investigate the multimedia streaming performance under different forwarding strategies, exposing the interplay of forwarding strategies and adaptation mechanisms. Furthermore, we examine the influence of network inherent caching on the streaming performance by varying the caching polices and the cache sizes.}, address = {New York, USA}, doi = {10.1109/JSAC.2016.2577365}, keywords = {Information-Centric Networking; Named Data Networking; Multimedia; Dynamic Adaptive Streaming.}, language = {EN}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/jsac.pdf}, publisher = {IEEE} } @InProceedings{Kreuzberger2016a, author = {Kreuzberger, Christian and Rainer, Benjamin and Hellwagner, Hermann and Toni, Laura and Frossard, Pascal}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video}, title = {A Comparative Study of DASH Representation Sets Using Real User Characteristics}, year = {2016}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {ACM,}, month = {may}, pages = {4:1--4:6}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn10 = {978-1-4503-4356-5}, language = {EN}, location = {Klagenfurt, Austria}, talkdate = {2016.05.13}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Timmerer2015_ICME, author = {Timmerer, Christian and Weinberger, Daniel and Smole, Martin and Grandl, Reinhard and Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan}, booktitle = {2015 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia \& Expo Workshops (ICMEW)}, title = {Live Transcoding and Streaming-as-a-Service with MPEG-DASH}, year = {2015}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA}, editor = {Magli, Enrico and Tubaro, Stefano and Vetro, Anthony}, month = {jun}, pages = {1-4}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Multimedia content delivery and real-time streaming over the top of the existing infrastructure is nowadays part and parcel of every media ecosystem thanks to open standards and the adoption of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) as its primary mean for transportation. Hardware encoder manufacturers have adopted their product lines to support the dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP but suffer from the inflexibility to provide scalability on demand, specifically for event-based live services that are only offered for a limited period of time. The cloud computing paradigm allows for this kind of flexibility and provide the necessary elasticity in order to easily scale with the demand required for such use case scenarios. In this paper we describe bitcodin, our transcoding and streaming-as-as-ervice platform based on open standards (i.e., MPEG-DASH) which is deployed on standard cloud and content delivery infrastructures to enable high-quality streaming to heterogeneous clients. It is currently deployed for video on demand, 24/7 live, and event-based live services using bitdash, our adaptive client framework.}, language = {EN}, location = {Torino, Italy}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/icme2015-bitmovin_camera-ready.pdf}, talkdate = {2015.06.30}, talktype = {poster} } @Article{Timmerer2015_ELetterNov, author = {Timmerer, Christian and Weinberger, Daniel and Smole, Martin and Grandl, Reinhard and Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan}, journal = {IEEE Multimedia Communications Technical Committee E-Letter}, title = {Cloud-based Transcoding and Adaptive Video Streaming-as-a-Service}, year = {2015}, month = {nov}, pages = {7--11}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, language = {EN}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/MMTC_bitcodin+bitdash.pdf}, publisher = {IEEE Communications Society [online]} } @Article{Timmerer2015_ELetter, author = {Timmerer, Christian and Maiero, Matteo and Rainer, Benjamin and Petscharnig, Stefan and Weinberger, Daniel and Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan}, journal = {IEEE Multimedia Communications Technical Committee E-Letter}, title = {Quality of Experience of Adaptive HTTP Streaming in Real-World Environments}, year = {2015}, month = {may}, pages = {6-9}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, language = {EN}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/QoE-DASH.pdf}, publisher = {IEEE Communications Society [online]}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Kreuzberger2015a, author = {Kreuzberger, Christian and Posch, Daniel and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference}, title = {A Scalable Video Coding Dataset and Toolchain for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP}, year = {2015}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Wei, Tsang Ooi}, month = {mar}, pages = {213--218}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {MMSys '15}, abstract = {With video streaming becoming more and more popular, the number of devices that are capable of streaming videos over the Internet is growing. This leads to a heterogeneous device landscape with varying demands. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) offers an elegant solution to these demands. Smart adaptation logics are able to adjust the clients' streaming quality according to several (local) parameters. Recent research indicated benefits of blending Scalable Video Coding (SVC) with DASH, especially considering Future Internet architectures. However, except for a DASH dataset with a single SVC encoded video, no other datasets are publicly available. The contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, a DASH/SVC dataset, containing multiple videos at varying bitrates and spatial resolutions including 1080p, is presented. Second, a toolchain for multiplexing SVC encoded videos is provided, therefore making our results reproducible and allowing researchers to generate their own datasets.}, doi = {10.1145/2713168.2713193}, isbn13 = {978-1-4503-3351-1}, keywords = {DASH; Dataset; Toolchain; Scalable Video Coding}, language = {EN}, location = {Portland, Oregon}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/dash_svc_dataset_v1.05.pdf}, talkdate = {2015.03.18}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://concert.itec.aau.at/SVCDataset/} } @Article{timmerer2014_jsac, author = {Timmerer, Christian and Griwodz, Carsten and Begen, Ali Cengiz and Stockhammer, Thomas and Girod, Bernd}, journal = {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications}, title = {Guest Editorial: Adaptive Media Streaming}, year = {2014}, month = {apr}, number = {4}, pages = {681-683}, volume = {32}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Adaptive Media Streaming, DASH}, language = {EN}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/06774588.pdf}, publisher = {IEEE Communications Society} } @Article{timmerer2014_computer, author = {Timmerer, Christian and Rainer, Benjamin}, journal = {IEEE Computer}, title = {The Social Multimedia Experience}, year = {2014}, issn = {0018-9162}, month = {mar}, number = {3}, pages = {67-69}, volume = {47}, abstract = {Inter-destination multimedia synchronization and quality of experience are critical to the success of social TV, which integrates television viewing with social networking.}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, keywords = {Quality of Experience, Inter-Destination Media Synchronization, Social TV, DASH, IDMS, QoE}, language = {EN}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/timmerer-sme-mar13.pdf}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society} } @InProceedings{TimmererBegen2014, author = {Timmerer, Christian and Begen, Ali Cengiz}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 ACM Multimedia Conference}, title = {Over the Top Content Delivery: State of the Art and Challenges Ahead}, year = {2014}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Hua, Kien and Rui, Yong and Steinmetz, Ralf and Hanjalic, Alan and Natsev, Apostol and Zhu, Wenwu}, month = {nov}, pages = {1231--1232}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {In this tutorial we present state of the art and challenges ahead in over-the-top content delivery. It particular, the goal of this tutorial is to provide an overview of adaptive media delivery, specifically in the context of HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) including the recently ratified MPEG-DASH standard. The main focus of the tutorial will be on the common problems in HAS deployments such as client design, QoE optimization, multi-screen and hybrid delivery scenarios, and synchronization issues. For each problem, we will examine proposed solutions along with their pros and cons. In the last part of the tutorial, we will look into the open issues and review the work-in-progress and future research directions.}, doi = {10.1145/2647868.2654849}, isbn13 = {978-1-4503-3063-3}, keywords = {adaptive media streaming, dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP, MPEG-DASH, over-the-top video video}, language = {EN}, location = {Orlando, FL, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/tut02-timmerer.pdf}, slides = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/ACM_MM_Tutorial_11_2014.pdf}, talkdate = {2014.11.03}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Timmerer2014, author = {Timmerer, Christian and Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan}, booktitle = {2014 NAB Broadcast Engineering Conference Proceedings \& CD}, title = {Adaptive Media Streaming over Emerging Protocols}, year = {2014}, address = {Washington DC, USA}, editor = {available, not}, month = {apr}, pages = {4}, publisher = {National Association of Broadcasters (NAB)}, abstract = {The emerging MPEG standard Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) is designed for media delivery over the top of existing infrastructures and enables smooth multimedia streaming towards heterogeneous devices including both wired and wireless environments. The MPEG-DASH standard was designed to work with HTTP-URLs but mandates neither the actual version nor which underlying protocols to be used. This paper will provide a detailed introduction into emerging protocols (HTTP/2.0 and beyond) to be used in the context of adaptive media streaming, specifically DASH.}, language = {EN}, location = {Las Vegas, NV, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/TimmererC012314_revised.pdf}, slides = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/NAB2014-BEC.pdf}, talkdate = {2014.04.07}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Rainer2014_Mobiquituous, author = {Klusch, Matthais and Kapahnke, Patrick and Cao, Xiaoqi and Rainer, Benjamin and Timmerer, Christian and Mangold, Stefan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services}, title = {MyMedia: Mobile Semantic Peer-to-Peer Video Search and Live Streaming}, year = {2014}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Youssef, Moustafa}, month = {dec}, pages = {10}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {Mobile peer-to-peer (P2P) computing with applications such as for video on demand, file sharing, and video conferencing is gaining momentum based on new standards and technologies such as IETF PPSP, WiFi-Direct and BitTorrent live streaming. In this paper, we describe the mobile system MyMedia, that allows users to search, share and experience videos and live recordings using P2P and at the best quality possible with respect to available network capacity. In particular, the MyMedia system features a high-precision semantic P2P search and dynamic network-adaptive P2P live streaming of MPEG videos over HTTP based on the ISO/IEC standard MPEG-DASH from mobile to mobile devices in unstructured wireless P2P networks. These features have been integrated in the mobile application TIFF EventLive of the 54th Thessaloniki international film festival. The evaluation of their performance and device energy consumption, and a first user evaluation at the festival showed that the MyMedia system is suitable and accepted by users for its purpose in practice. The MyMedia system is available as open-source software for the Android operating system.}, isbn13 = {-}, language = {EN}, location = {London, Great Britain}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/mobi_mymedia_paper.pdf}, talkdate = {2014.12.05}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://mobiquitous.org/2014} } @InProceedings{Rainer2014_ACM_MM_SELFORG, author = {Rainer, Benjamin and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22st ACM International Conference on Multimedia}, title = {Self-Organized Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization For Adaptive Media Streaming}, year = {2014}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {ACM,}, month = {nov}, pages = {10}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {Social networks have become pervasive and have changed the way of social interaction. The traditional TV experience drifts from an event tied to a certain place with the family or friends to a location-independent and distributed social experience. Additionally, more and more video on-demand services adopt a pull-based streaming approach. In order to provide a synchronized and distributed TV experience we introduce a self-organized Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization (IDMS) framework for adaptive media streaming. In particular, we extend the principles of IDMS to adaptive media streaming over HTTP (i.e., MPEG-DASH) and enable a synchronized multimedia playback among geographically distributed clients. Therefore, we introduce session management to MPEG-DASH and for negotiating on a reference playback timestamp among the participating peers in an IDMS session we propose a distributed control scheme. We evaluate our proposed scheme with respect to scalability and time required for negotiating on the reference playback timestamp. Furthermore, we investigate how to compensate the identified asynchronism by using adaptive media playout with respect to the Quality of Experience (QoE). Therefore, we define a temporal distortion measure for audio and video which allows us to model the impact of playback rate variations on the QoE. This measure is evaluated by conducting a subjective quality assessment using crowdsourcing.}, isbn13 = {-}, keywords = {Inter-Destination Multimedia Synchronization, Adaptive Media Streaming, Self-Organization, Quality of Experience, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP}, language = {EN}, location = {Orlando, Florida}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/acmm14.pdf}, talkdate = {2014.11.03}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://acmmm.org/2014/} } @InProceedings{Rain1412:VNext, title = {Quality of Experience of Web-based Adaptive HTTP Streaming Clients in Real-World Environments using Crowdsourcing}, author = {Rainer, Benjamin and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {First International Workshop on VideoNext: Design, Quality and Deployment of Adaptive Video Streaming}, year = {2014}, address = {Australia, Sydney}, editor = {N, N}, month = {dec}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {ACM}, keywords = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP; Crowdsourcing; Subjective Quality Assessment; Quality of Experience; QoE; DASH; MPEG}, language = {EN}, location = {Singapore}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/videoNextDASH.pdf}, talkdate = {2014.12.02}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Posch2014b, author = {Posch, Daniel and Kreuzberger, Christian and Rainer, Benjamin and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, VideoNext Workshop}, title = {Using In-Network Adaptation to Tackle Inefficiencies Caused by DASH in Information-Centric Networks}, year = {2014}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Dixon, Colin}, month = {dec}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {ACM Digital Library}, abstract = {The consumption of audio-visual content is the most dominant traffic source in today's Internet. Novel architectural approaches, such as Information-Centric Networking (ICN), are developed to support efficient multimedia dissemination. As ICN and MPEG-DASH have several concepts in common, recent proposals consider a fusion of both technologies. However, MPEG-DASH relies on pure client-driven adaptation. This often rather selfish adaptation strategy inhibits benefits gained from ICN's inherent caching and multi-path transmission capabilities. In order to overcome this challenge, the contribution of this work is the integration of in-network adaptation (INA) in ICN. We illustrate that INA can be realized despite ICN's content-based security model. Our proposal rests on scalable content, which enables INA without management and transmission overhead.}, keywords = {Information-Centric Networking; In-Network Adaptation; Adaptive Streaming; Multimedia Dissemination}, language = {EN}, location = {Sydney, Australia}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/video01fp.pdf}, talkdate = {2014.12.02}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Posch2014, author = {Posch, Daniel and Kreuzberger, Christian and Rainer, Benjamin and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking}, title = {Client Starvation: A Shortcoming of Client-driven Adaptive Streaming in Named Data Networking}, year = {2014}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Mendes, Paulo}, month = {sep}, pages = {1-2}, publisher = {ACM Digital Library}, abstract = {Information-centric Networking (ICN) as a potential Future Internet architecture has to efficiently support the consumption of multimedia content. Recent proposals consider the reuse of MPEG-DASH to provide adaptive streaming in ICN. Due to the fact that MPEG-DASH relies on pure client-driven adaptation, it encounters difficulties dealing with ICN's inherent caching and multi-path transmission. By conducting simulations using the concrete ICN approach Named Data Networking (NDN), we show that pure client-driven adaptation leads to shortcomings. Furthermore, we propose to use in-network adaptation based on scalable content for overcoming these shortcomings in NDN.}, doi = {10.1145/2660129.2660162}, keywords = {Information-centric Networking; Adaptive Streaming}, language = {EN}, location = {Paris, Frankreich}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/icn14_final.pdf}, talkdate = {2014.09.26}, talktype = {poster}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2660129.2660162} } @InProceedings{Sieber2013, author = {Sieber, Christian and Ho{\ss}feld, Tobias and Zinner, Thomas and Tran-Gia, Phuoc and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Integrated Network Management (IM 2013), 2013 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on}, title = {Implementation and User-centric Comparison of a Novel Adaptation Logic for DASH with SVC}, year = {2013}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {De Turck, Filip and Diao, Yixin and Hong, Choong Seon and Medhi, Deep and Sadre, Ramin}, month = {may}, pages = {1318-1323}, publisher = {IEEE Communications Society}, abstract = {The MPEG-DASH standard allows the client-centric access to different representations of video content via the HTTP protocol. The client can flexibly switch between different qualities, i.e., different bit rates and thus avoid waiting times during the video playback due to empty playback buffers. However, quality switches and the playback of lower qualities is perceived by the user which may reduce the Quality of Experience (QoE). Therefore, novel algorithms are required which manage the streaming behavior with respect to the user's requirements and which do not waste network resources. As indicated by recent studies, scalable video coding (SVC) may use the current network and content distribution infrastructure in a more efficient way than with single layer codecs. The contribution of this paper is the design and the implementation of a novel DASH/SVC streaming algorithm. By means of measurements in a test-bed, its performance and benefits are evaluated and compared to existing algorithms from an user-centric view point with objective performance metrics. Our findings show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other DASH mechanisms in terms of video quality, low switching frequency and usage of the available resources in a realistic mobile network scenario. This is a first step towards true QoE management of video streaming in the Internet with DASH and SVC.}, isbn13 = {978-1-4673-5229-1}, keywords = {quality of experience, mpeg-dash, scalable video coding, adaptive media streaming}, language = {EN}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/06573184.pdf}, talktype = {none} } @InProceedings{Posch2013, author = {Posch, Daniel and Hellwagner, Hermann and Schartner, Peter}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Secure Network Protocols (NPSec' 13)}, title = {On-Demand Video Streaming based on Dynamic Adaptive Encrypted Content Chunks}, year = {2013}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, editor = {Li, Jun and Maennel, Olaf}, month = {oct}, pages = {6}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {This paper proposes a framework for on-demand video streaming that enables secure and efficient delivery of data towards the end user. Our proposal requires the combined usage of three different technologies. The first one is a recent proposal by Jacobsen et al. called Content-Centric Networking (also known as Named Data Networking). It is a network architecture that introduces named data as the most valuable element in the network and divides it into so called content chunks, which are self-identifying and self-authenticating data units. The second concept we utilize derives from the approach of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, which allows clients to dynamically choose the quality of the received video stream according to their available resources. Finally, we adapt the concept of Broadcast Encryption to form a tool to control the access to provided content streams. The combination of these technologies enables us to design a framework that allows streaming providers to transport data to customers as dynamic adaptive encrypted content chunks, which is an efficient, flexible and scalable way of multimedia data transport.}, keywords = {Content-Centric Networking, CCN, Named Data Networking, NDN, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming, DASH, Broadcast Encryption, Video on Demand}, language = {EN}, location = {Germany, Göttingen}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/ICNP_NPSEC_Streaming.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.10.07}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Mueller2013b, author = {Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan and Pöcher, Jörg and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) 2013}, title = {libdash – An Open Source Software Library for the MPEG-DASH Standard}, year = {2013}, address = {San Jose, USA}, editor = {Servetti, Antonio and Aydin, Alatan}, month = {jul}, pages = {1-2}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is an ISO/IEC MPEG standard which enables the convenient and smooth transportation of multimedia data to heterogeneous end devices over networks with variable bandwidth conditions. This kind of streaming technology is mainly used with HTTP 1.0 and 1.1 respectively, which both have some drawbacks. Therefore, the IETF has started the development of HTTP 2.0, which is based on Google’s SPDY proposal and already supported by several major companies, e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Akamai, Mozilla and obviously Google. Furthermore, Content Centric Networking (CCN) is another novel approach for future networks that is considered as an revolutionary approach compared to HTTP 2.0. The CCN communication paradigm is completely different and does not rely on direct connections between hosts, it rather focuses on the content. This paper demonstrates DASH with HTTP 2.0/SPDY and CCN using our universal libdash library. Moreover, different mechanisms of DASH will be shown that can be used to provide on-demand and live content in an efficient and comfortable way.}, language = {EN}, location = {San Jose, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/libdash-demo.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.07.18}, talktype = {poster} } @Article{Mueller2013_MMC, author = {Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan and Timmerer, Christian}, journal = {IEEE Multimedia Communications Technical Committee E-Letter}, title = {Fair Share Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP}, year = {2013}, month = {mar}, number = {2}, pages = {30-33}, volume = {8}, abstract = {Multimedia delivery over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is currently very popular and with MPEGs' Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) a standard is available to provide interoperability and enable large-scale deployments using existing infrastructures (servers, proxies, caches, etc.). This paper identifies some issue when multiple DASH clients compete for a bandwidth bottleneck when transparent proxy caches are deployed. Therefore, we propose a fair share adaptation scheme to be included within the client which – through experimental results – achieve a more efficient utilization of the bottleneck bandwidth and less quality switches.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, DASH, Fair Adaptation, Proxy Cache, Multimedia}, language = {EN}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/E-Letter-March13.pdf}, publisher = {IEEE Communications Society [online]}, url = {http://committees.comsoc.org/mmc/e-news/E-Letter-March13.pdf} } @InProceedings{Mueller2013, author = {Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) 2013}, title = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP/2.0}, year = {2013}, address = {San Jose, USA}, editor = {Li, Jin}, month = {jul}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is a new streaming standard that has been recently ratified as an international standard (IS). In comparison to other streaming systems, e.g., HTTP progressive download, DASH is able to handle varying bandwidth conditions providing smooth streaming. Furthermore, it enables NAT and Firewall traversal, flexible and scalable deployment as well as reduced infrastructure costs due to the reuse of existing Internet infrastructure components, e.g., proxies, caches, and Content Distribution Networks (CDN). Recently, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis (httpbis) working group of the IETF has officially started the development of HTTP 2.0. Initially three major proposals have been submitted to the IETF i.e., Googles' SPDY, Microsofts' HTTP Speed+Mobility and Network-Friendly HTTP Upgrade, but SPDY has been chosen as working draft for HTTP 2.0. In this paper we implemented MPEG-DASH over HTTP 2.0 (i.e., SPDY), demonstrating its potential benefits and drawbacks. Moreover, several experimental evaluations have been performed that compare HTTP 2.0 with HTTP 1.1 and HTTP 1.0 in the context of DASH. In particular, the protocol overhead, the performance for different round trip times, and DASH with HTTP 2.0 in a lab test scenario has been evaluated in detail.}, language = {EN}, location = {San Jose, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/paper_330.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.07.17}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Liu2013, author = {Liu, Yaning and Geurts, Joost and Point, Jean-Charles and Lederer, Stefan and Rainer, Benjamin and Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE international Conference on Communication (ICC) 2013 – Next-Generation Networking Symposium}, title = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over CCN: A Caching and Overhead Analysis}, year = {2013}, address = {Budapest}, editor = {Mattheisen, Christopher and Murase, Tutomu}, month = {jun}, pages = {2222-2226}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {In this paper, we present our implementation and evaluation of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over Content centric networking (DASC) which implements MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) utilizing a Content Centric Networking (CCN) naming scheme to identify content segments in a CCN network. In particular, video segments formatted according to MPEG-DASH are available in different quality levels but instead of HTTP, CCN is used for referencing and delivery. Based on the conditions of the network, the DASC client issues interests for segments achieving the best throughput. Due to segment caching within the network, subsequent requests for the same content can be served quicker. As a result, the quality of the video a user receives progressively improves, effectively overcoming bottlenecks in the network. We present two sets of experiments to evaluate the performance of DASC showing that throughput indeed improves. However, the generated overhead is relatively large and the adaptation strategy used for DASH that assumes an end-to-end connection could be revised for the hop-by-hop architecture of CCN.}, keywords = {Content Centric Networking, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming, HTTP Video Streaming, MPEG-DASH}, language = {EN}, location = {Budapest, Hungary}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/ICC2013 -DASH Over CCN.PDF}, talkdate = {2013.06.11}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://www.ieee-icc.org} } @InProceedings{Lederer2013c, author = {Lederer, Stefan and Mueller, Christopher and Rainer, Benjamin and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) 2013}, title = {An Experimental Analysis of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP in Content Centric Networks}, year = {2013}, address = {San Jose, USA}, editor = {Wang, Haohong}, month = {jul}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {This paper presents the usage of CCN, which is a candidate for the next-generation Internet, in combination with the new Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) standard, which was recently ratified by ISO/IEC MPEG. In contrast to the Internet Protocol, which is mainly based on the host-to-host connection paradigm originated in the 1970s, Content Centric Networking (CCN) focuses on the content itself, instead of its location. Considering the dominance of multimedia traffic in todays' Internet, the streaming performance of DASH over CCN as well as the problems introduced by this combination is worth to be investigated in detail. Therefore, we evaluate the protocol overhead introduced by the usage of CCN compared to the HTTP versions 1.0 and 1.1. Furthermore, the performance of DASH over CCN under different network conditions is compared to the performance of HTTP 1.0/1.1. Our results showed that although CCN comes together with higher protocol overhead than HTTP 1.0/1.1 as well as a prototype implementation, it can definitely compete with HTTP 1.0 in media streaming. Based on the evaluation results, problems as well as improvement possibilities are identified, which are the basis for future work in this area.}, language = {EN}, location = {San Jose, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/ICME_Overhead-Performance-DASHoverCCN.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.07.18}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Lederer2013b, author = {Lederer, Stefan and Mueller, Christopher and Rainer, Benjamin and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann}, booktitle = {In Proceedings of the IEEE ICC'13 - Workshop on Immersive \& Interactive Multimedia Communications over the Future Internet}, title = {Adaptive Streaming over Content Centric Networks in Mobile Networks using Multiple Links}, year = {2013}, address = {Budapest}, editor = {Assuncao, Pedro and Atzori, Luigi and Dagiuklas, Tasos and Kondoz, Ahmet}, month = {jun}, pages = {687-691}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {This paper presents the usage of Content Centric Networking (CCN) for adaptive multimedia streaming in mobile environments, leveraging the recent ISO/IEC MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) standard. The performance of DASH over CCN is evaluated using real-world mobile bandwidth traces and compared to previous evaluations of different DASH-based as well as proprietary systems. As there are no client-server connections in CCN, it offers the possibility to transfer data from multiple sources as well as over multiple links in parallel, which is definitely an important feature, e.g., for mobile devices offering multiple network links. This functionality is used and evaluated in this paper in combination with DASH, making it possible to dynamically choose the best performing link for media streaming, which is a clear advantage over DASH using HTTP and the TCP/IP protocol stack. The evaluation therefore investigates DASH over CCN in two scenarios using synthetic and real-world mobile bandwidth traces respectively, showing a significantly better performance than conventional DASH using only one connection.}, keywords = {MPEG-DASH, CCN, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, Content Centric Networking, Evaluation}, language = {EN}, location = {Budapest, Hungary}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/ICC2013_Mobile_DASHoverCCN.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.06.13}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://multicomm.diee.unica.it/} } @InProceedings{Lederer2013a, author = {Lederer, Stefan and Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian and Concolato, Cyril and Le Feuvre, Jean and Fliegel, Karel}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference}, title = {Distributed DASH Dataset}, year = {2013}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Griwodz, Carsten}, month = {feb}, pages = {pp. 131-135}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {The delivery of multimedia content over HTTP and on top of existing Internet infrastructures is becoming the preferred method within heterogeneous environment. The basic design principle is having an intelligent client which selects given and applicable media representations by issuing HTTP requests for individual segments based on the users' context and current conditions. Typically, this client behavior differs between implementations of the same kind and for the objective evaluations thereof appropriate datasets are needed. This paper presents a distributed dataset for the recently published MPEG-DASH standard which is mirrored at different sites across Europe, namely Klagenfurt, Paris, and Prague. A client implementation may choose to request segments from these sites and dynamically switch to a different location, e.g., in case the one currently used causes any issues. Thus, this distributed DASH dataset can be used for real-world evaluations enabling the simulation of switching between different content delivery networks.}, keywords = {Dataset, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, DASH.}, language = {EN}, location = {Oslo, Norway}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/MMSys_CDN_Simulation_Dataset_v2.0.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.02.27}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://www.mmsys.org/} } @InProceedings{Grafl2013_ViDEv, author = {Grafl, Michael and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann and Cherif, Wael and Ksentini, Adlen}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd {IEEE} {WoWMoM} Workshop on Video Everywhere ({ViDEv} 2013)}, title = {Evaluation of Hybrid Scalable Video Coding for {HTTP}-based Adaptive Media Streaming with High-Definition Content}, year = {2013}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, editor = {Todd, Terence D and Paterakis, Michael}, month = {jun}, pages = {7}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Scalable Video Coding (SVC) in media streaming enables dynamic adaptation based on device capabilities and network conditions. In this paper, we investigate deployment options of SVC for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) with a special focus on scalability options, which are relevant for dynamic adaptation, especially in wireless and mobile environments. We evaluate the performance of SVC with respect to spatial and quality scalability options and compare it to non-scalable Advanced Video Coding (AVC). Performance evaluations are performed for various encoder implementations with high-definition (1080p) content. We show that a hybrid approach with multiple independent SVC bitstreams can have advantages in storage requirements at comparable rate-distortion performance.}, keywords = {scalable video coding; HTTP streaming; adaptation; high-definition; hybrid SVC-DASH}, language = {EN}, location = {Madrid, Spain}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Hybrid_SVC-DASH.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.06.04}, talktype = {registered} } @Article{Grafl2013_ComCom, author = {Grafl, Michael and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann and Cherif, Wael and Ksentini, Adlen}, journal = {Computer Communications}, title = {Hybrid Scalable Video Coding for {HTTP}-based Adaptive Media Streaming with High-Definition Content}, year = {2013}, issn = {01403664}, month = {dec}, pages = {11}, abstract = {Scalable Video Coding (SVC) in media streaming enables dynamic adaptation based on device capabilities and network conditions. In this paper, we investigate deployment options of SVC for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) with a special focus on scalability options, which are relevant for dynamic adaptation, especially in wireless and mobile environments. We establish encoding recommendations and evaluate the performance of SVC with respect to spatial and quality scalability options and compare it to non-scalable Advanced Video Coding (AVC). Performance evaluations are performed for various encoder implementations with high-definition (1080p) content. We show that a hybrid approach with multiple independent SVC bitstreams can have advantages in storage requirements at comparable rate-distortion performance.}, address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands}, language = {EN}, publisher = {Elsevier} } @InCollection{Gardikis2013_3DFIM, author = {Gardikis, Georgios and Pallis, Evangelos and Grafl, Michael}, booktitle = {3D Future Internet Media}, publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media, LLC}, title = {Media-Aware Networks in Future Internet Media}, year = {2013}, address = {New York}, editor = {Kondoz, Ahmet and Dagiuklas, Tasos}, month = {dec}, pages = {6}, abstract = {Multimedia (especially video) services constitute a dominant and ever increasing portion of the global Internet traffic, while they are expected to also play a major role in the Future Internet scene. In order to address this reality in the networking domain, a promising perspective is to gradually shift from the current, service-unaware, best-effort nature of IP networks into a network logic which is service-aware – and, in specific, media-aware. This chapter discusses how media-awareness can be introduced in the networking domain in a way which is both feasible and scalable, leveraging at the same time state-of-the-art technologies in video representations, such as Scalable Video Coding (SVC) and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH).}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-8373-1_7}, language = {EN}, url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-8373-1_7} } @InProceedings{Crabtree2013, author = {Crabtree, Barry and Stevens, Tim and Allan, Brahin and Lederer, Stefan and Posch, Daniel and Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {CCNxConn 2013}, title = {Video Adaptation in Limited or Zero Network Coverage}, year = {2013}, address = {Palo Alto}, editor = {Mahadevan, Priya}, month = {sep}, pages = {1-2}, publisher = {PARC}, abstract = {This paper shows how adaptive streaming and on-device caching can be used to provide an always available video service. A DASH client has been extended to deal with periods of zero network connectivity, and seamlessly works in conjunction with CCN to provide local storage that is intelligently updated to provide an improved quality of experience.}, language = {EN}, location = {Palo Alto, CA, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Video adaptation in limited or zero network coverage-CCNxCon.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.09.06}, talktype = {poster}, url = {http://www.ccnx.org/ccnxcon2013/ccnxcon-2013-official-agenda/} } @InProceedings{Alberti_QoMEX2013_DASH, author = {Alberti, Claudio and Renzi, Daniele and Timmerer, Christian and Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan and Battista, Stefano and Mattavelli, Marco}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX'13)}, title = {Automated QoE Evaluation of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP}, year = {2013}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, editor = {Timmerer, Christian and Le Callet, Patrick and Varela, Martin and Winkler, Stefan and Falk, Tiago}, month = {jul}, pages = {58--63}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is referred to as a multimedia streaming standard to deliver high quality multimedia content over the Internet using conventional HTTP Web servers. As a fundamental feature, it enables automatic switching of quality levels according to network conditions, user requirements, and expectations. Currently, the proposed adaptation schemes for HTTP streaming mostly rely on throughput measurements and/or buffer-related metrics, such as buffer exhaustion and levels. In this paper, we propose to enhance the DASH adaptation logic by feeding it with additional information from our evaluation of the users' perception approximating the user- perceived quality of video playback. The proposed model aims at conveniently combining TCP-, buffer-, and media content-related metrics as well as user requirements and expectations to be used as an input for the DASH adaptation logic. Experiments have demonstrated that the chosen model enhances the capability of the adaptation logic to select the optimal video quality level. Finally, we integrated all our findings into a real DASH system with QoE monitoring capabilities.}, keywords = {DASH, Quality of Experience, monitoring, content adaptation}, language = {EN}, location = {Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/p20-Alberti.pdf}, talkdate = {2013.07.03}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Timmerer2012_ACMMM, title = {Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP: from content creation to consumption}, author = {Timmerer, Christian and Griwodz, Carsten}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia}, year = {2012}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Babaguchi, Noboru and Aizawa, Kiyoharu and Smith, John}, month = {oct}, pages = {1533--1534}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {MM '12}, abstract = {In this tutorial we present dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP ranging from content creation to consumption. It particular, it provides an overview of the recently ratified MPEG-DASH standard, how to create content to be delivered using DASH, its consumption, and the evaluation thereof with respect to competing industry solutions. The tutorial can be roughly clustered into three parts. In part I we will provide an introduction to DASH, part II covers content creation, delivery, and consumption, and, finally, part III deals with the evaluation of existing (open source) MPEG-DASH implementations compared to state-of-art deployed industry solutions.}, doi = {10.1145/2393347.2396553}, keywords = {MPEG, adaptation, dash, dynamic adaptive http streaming, streaming}, language = {EN}, location = {Nara, Japan}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/mtu008-timmerer.pdf}, slides = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/mtu008-timmerer-slides.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.10.29}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2393347.2396553} } @InProceedings{Rainer2012_EUSIPCO2012, author = {Rainer, Benjamin and Lederer, Stefan and Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)}, title = {A Seamless Web Integration of Adaptive HTTP streaming}, year = {2012}, address = {Bucharest, Romania}, editor = {Pesquet-Popescu, Béatrice and Burileanu, Corneliu}, month = {aug}, pages = {1519-1523}, publisher = {European Signal Processing (EURASIP) Society}, abstract = {Nowadays video is an important part of the Web and Web sites like YouTube, Hulu, etc. count millions of users consuming their content every day. However, these Web sites mainly use media players based on proprietary browser plug-ins (i.e., Adobe Flash) and do not leverage adaptive streaming systems. This paper presents a seamless integration of the recent MPEG standard on Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) in the Web using the HTML5 video element. Therefore, we present DASHJS, a JavaScript-based MPEG-DASH client which adopts the Media Source API of Google’s Chrome browser to present a flexible and potentially browser independent DASH client. Furthermore, we present the integration of WebM based media segments in DASH giving a detailed description of the used container format structure and a corresponding Media Presentation Description (MPD). Our preliminary evaluation demonstrates the bandwidth adaption capabilities to show the effectiveness of the system.}, language = {EN}, location = {Bucharest, Romania}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/DASHJS-Eusipco.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.08.30}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Mueller2012b, author = {Mueller, Christopher and Renzi, Daniele and Lederer, Stefan and Battista, Stefano and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO12)}, title = {Using Scalable Video Coding for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP in Mobile Environments}, year = {2012}, address = {Bucharest, Romania}, editor = {Burileanu, Corneliu and Pesquet-Popescu, Béatrice}, month = {aug}, pages = {2208-2212}, publisher = {European Signal Processing (EURASIP) Society}, abstract = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is a convenient approach to transfer videos in an adaptive and dynamic way to the user. As a consequence, this system provides high bandwidth flexibility and is especially suitable for mobile use cases where the bandwidth variations are tremendous. In this paper we have integrated the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extensions of the Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard into the recently ratified MPEG-DASH standard. Furthermore, we have evaluated our solution under restricted conditions using bandwidth traces from mobile environments and compared it with an improved version of our MPEG-DASH implementation using AVC as well as major industry solutions.}, keywords = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over {HTTP}, {MPEG-DASH}, Scalable Video Coding, Evaluation, Mobile Networks, Vehicular Mobility}, language = {EN}, location = {Bucharest, Romania}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/mueller_svc-dash.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.08.31}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Mueller2012a, author = {Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM SIGMM Workshop on Mobile Video (MoVid12)}, title = {An Evaluation of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP in Vehicular Environments}, year = {2012}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Hefeeda, Mohamed and Hsu, Cheng-Hsin and Chatterjee, Mainak and Venkatasubramanian, Nalini and Ganguly, Samrat}, month = {feb}, pages = {37-42}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {MPEGs' Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) is an emerging standard designed for media delivery over the top of existing infrastructures and able to handle varying bandwidth conditions during a streaming session. This requirement is very important, specifically within mobile environments and, thus, DASH could potentially become a major driver for mobile multimedia streaming. Hence, this paper provides a detailed evaluation of our implementation of MPEG DASH compared to the most popular propriety systems, i.e., Microsoft Smooth Steaming, Adobe HTTP Dynamic Streaming, and Apple HTTP Live Streaming. In particular, these systems will be evaluated under restricted conditions which are due to vehicular mobility. In anticipation of the results, our prototype implementation of MPEG-DASH can very well compete with state-of-the-art solutions and, thus, can be regarded as a mature standard ready for industry adaption.}, keywords = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, MPEG-DASH, Microsoft Smooth Streaming, Adobe HTTP Dynamic Streaming, Evaluation, Apple HTTP Live Streaming, Mobile Networks, Vehicular Mobility}, language = {EN}, location = {Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/p37-mueller.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.02.24}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Mueller2012VCIP, author = {Mueller, Christopher and Lederer, Stefan and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing Conference (VCIP 2012)}, title = {A Proxy Effect Analysis and Fair Adaptation Algorithm for Multiple Competing Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP Clients}, year = {2012}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, editor = {Aizawa, Kiyoharu and Kuo, Jay and Liu, Zicheng}, month = {nov}, pages = {6}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {Multimedia streaming technologies based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) are very popular and used by many content providers such as Netflix, Hulu, and Vudu. Recently, ISO/IEC MPEG has ratified Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) which extends the traditional HTTP streaming with an adaptive component addressing the issue of varying bandwidth conditions that users are facing in networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP). Additionally, industry has already deployed several solutions based on such an approach which simplifies large scale deployment because the whole streaming logic is located at the client. However, these features may introduce drawbacks when multiple clients compete for a network bottleneck due to the fact that the clients are not aware of the network infrastructure such as proxies or other clients. This paper identifies these negative effects and the evaluation thereof using MPEG-DASH and Microsoft Smooth Streaming. Furthermore, we propose a novel adaptation algorithm introducing the concept of fairness regarding a cluster of clients. In anticipation of the results we can conclude that we achieve more efficient bottleneck bandwidth utilization and less quality switches.}, language = {EN}, location = {San Diego, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/PID2500949.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.11.29}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://www.vcip2012.org} } @InProceedings{Mueller2012, author = {Lederer, Stefan and Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Annual {ACM SIGMM} Conference on Multimedia Systems ({MMSys12})}, title = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over {HTTP} Dataset}, year = {2012}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Claypool, Mark and Griwodz, Carsten and Mayer-Patel, Ketan}, month = {feb}, pages = {89-94}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {Adaptive HTTP streaming got lot of attention in recent years and with dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) a standard is available. Many papers cover this topic and present their research results, but unfortunately all of them use their own private dataset which – in most cases – is not publicly available. Hence, it is difficult to compare, e.g., adaptation algorithms in an objective way due to the lack of a common dataset which shall be used as basis for such experiments. In this paper, we present our DASH dataset featuring our DASHEncoder, an open source DASH content generation tool. We also provide basic evaluations of the different segment lengths, the influence of HTTP server settings, and, in this context, we show some of the advantages as well as problems of shorter segment lengths.}, keywords = {Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, DASH, Dataset, Encoder, Content Generation Tool}, language = {EN}, location = {Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/p89-lederer.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.02.22}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Lederer2012c, author = {Liu, Yaning and Geurts, Joost and Rainer, Benjamin and Lederer, Stefan and Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {CCNx Community Meeting (CCNxConn 2012)}, title = {DASH over CCN: A CCN use-case for a Social Media based collaborative project}, year = {2012}, address = {Sophia Antipolis}, editor = {Carofiglio, Giovanna}, month = {sep}, pages = {1-1}, publisher = {Parc}, keywords = {CCN, DASH}, language = {EN}, location = {Sophia Antipolis, France}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/DashOverCCN.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.09.12}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://www.ccnx.org/ccnxcon2012/} } @InProceedings{Lederer2012b, author = {Lederer, Stefan and Mueller, Christopher and Rainer, Benjamin and Waltl, Markus and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing Conference (VCIP 2012)}, title = {An open source MPEG DASH evaluation suite}, year = {2012}, address = {San Diego, CA, USA}, editor = {Izquierdo, Ebroul and Wang, Xin}, month = {nov}, pages = {1-1}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {In this paper we demonstrate our MPEG-DASH evaluation suite, which comprises several components on the client side as well as on the server side. The major client components are the VLC DASH plugin, libDASH, and DASH-JS, a JavaScript-based DASH client. These tools enable performance tests on various platforms, e.g., Windows and Linux as well as mobile platforms such as Android. Moreover, due to their flexible structure it is possible to integrate adaptation logics and evaluate them under consistent conditions. On the server side we provide the content generation tool DASHEncoder, our MPEG-DASH datasets well as the MPEG-DASH conformance validator.}, keywords = {MPEG DASH, Open Source, Demo}, language = {EN}, location = {San Diego, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/open-source_MPEG-DASH_evaluation_suite.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.11.29}, talktype = {registered}, url = {http://www.vcip2012.org} } @InProceedings{Lederer2012, author = {Lederer, Stefan and Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th International Packet Video Workshop ({PV} 2012)}, title = {Towards Peer-Assisted Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP}, year = {2012}, address = {Munich, Germany}, editor = {Guillemot, Christine and Chakareski, Jacob and Steinbach, Eckehard}, month = {may}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {This paper presents our peer-assisted Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (pDASH) proposal as well as an evaluation based on our DASH simulation environment in comparison to conventional approaches, i.e., non-peer-assisted DASH. Our approach maintains the standard conformance to MPEG-DASH enabling an easy and straightforward way of enhancing a streaming system with peer assistance to reduce the bandwidth and infrastructure requirements of the content/service provider. In anticipation of the results our system achieves a bandwidth reduction of Content Distribution Networks (CDN) and as a consequence the corresponding infrastructure costs of the content/service providers by up to 25% by leveraging the upstream capacity of neighboring peers. Furthermore, the cost savings have been evaluated using a cost model that is based on the current Amazon CloudFront pricing scheme. Furthermore, we have also evaluated the performance impact that various combinations of quality levels of the content could have in a peer-assisted streaming system as well as the client behavior in such an environment.}, keywords = {Peer-Assisted Streaming, MPEG-DASH, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, CDN Bandwidth Reduction, Peer-to-Peer Streaming.}, language = {EN}, location = {Munich, Germany}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Paper53.pdf}, talkdate = {2012.05.10}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Mueller2011_ACMMM, author = {Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia}, title = {A VLC media player plugin enabling dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP}, year = {2011}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Candan, Kasim Selcuk and Panchanathan, Sethuraman and Prabhakaran, Balakrishnan and Sundaram, Hari and Feng, Wu-Chi and Sebe, Nicu}, month = {nov}, pages = {723--726}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {MM}, abstract = {This paper describes the implementation of a VLC media player plugin enabling Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). DASH is an emerging ISO/IEC MPEG and 3GPP standard for HTTP streaming. It aims to standardize formats enabling segmented progressive download by exploiting existing Internet infrastructure as such. Our implementation of these formats as described in this paper is based on the well-known VLC. Hence, it is fully integrated into the VLC structure and has been also submitted to the VLC development team for consideration in future releases of VLC. Therefore, it is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). The plugin provides a very flexible structure that could be easily extended with respect to different adaptation logics or profiles of the DASH standard. As a consequence, the plugin enables the integration of a variety of adaptation logics and comparison thereof, making it attractive for the research community.}, doi = {10.1145/2072298.2072429}, keywords = {3GPP, DASH, HTTP streaming, MPEG, dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP, video}, language = {EN}, location = {Scottsdale, Arizona, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/p723-muller.pdf}, talkdate = {2011.11.29}, talktype = {registered} } @InProceedings{Mueller2011, author = {Mueller, Christopher and Timmerer, Christian}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Annual {ACM SIGMM} Conference on Multimedia Systems ({MMSys})}, title = {A Test-Bed for the Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over {HTTP} featuring Session Mobility}, year = {2011}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, editor = {Mayer-Patel, Ketan and Begen, Ali}, month = {feb}, pages = {271--276}, publisher = {ACM}, abstract = {In this paper, we present a multimedia test-bed enabling session mobility in the context of the emerging ISO/IEC MPEG standard, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). In general, session mobility is defined as the transfer of a running streaming session from one device to another device where it may need to be consumed in an adaptive way. The two main challenges are: (1) taking into account the new context of the device (e.g., capabilities) to which the session is transferred and (2) performing the actual transfer in a seamless and interoperable way. Our system addresses both challenges supported by a prototype implementation integrated into VLC. In anticipation of the results we can conclude that interoperability is achieved adopting existing standards while the performance of the system does not depend on these standards. That is, the modules responsible for the performance are usually not defined within such standards and left out for competition. However, our system is designed in an extensible way and is able to accommodate this fact.}, language = {EN}, location = {San Jose, CA, USA}, pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/mueller_A_Test_Bed_for_DASH_featuring_Session_Mobility.pdf}, talkdate = {2011.02.25}, talktype = {registered} }