% Year: 2005
% Encoding: utf-8
@InProceedings{Zufferey2005,
  author = {Zufferey, Michael and Kosch, Harald},
  booktitle = {n Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (WIAMIS 2005)},
  title = {Semantic Adaptation of Multimedia Content},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Montreux},
  editor = {Dufaux, F and Ebrahimi, T and Strintzis, M},
  month = apr,
  pages = {4},
  publisher = {WIAMIS},
  abstract = {The increasing diversity of devices and the heterogeneity of networks pose nowadays a challenge in the delivery and consumption of multimedia content. In this context, the Part 7 of the MPEG-21 standard formally named Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) targets the adaptation of multimedia content based on usage environment, such as network characteristics, terminal capabilities and user characteristics. But, MPEG-21 DIA does not take into account MPEG-7 semantics description tools, which provide means for a conceptual (semantic) description that is close to the human understanding of multimedia content. Therefore, to fill this gap, we propose an interactive and user-centric framework called Semantic Adaptation Framework (SAF). The SAF provides facilities for the generation of all the required semantic metadata and enables an MPEG-21 adaptation engine to semantically adapt the multimedia content in order to provide the user with the best possible experience.},
  issn = {283990067X},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}
@Article{Vetro2005,
  author = {Vetro, Anthony and Timmerer, Christian},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Multimedia},
  title = {Digital Item Adaptation: Overview of Standardization and Research Activities},
  year = {2005},
  issn = {1520-9210},
  month = jun,
  pages = {418-426},
  volume = {Special Issue on MPEG-21},
  abstract = {MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) has recently been finalized as part of the MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework. DIA specifies metadata for assisting the adaptation of Digital Items according to constraints on the storage, transmission and consumption, thereby enabling various types of quality of service management. This paper provides an overview of DIA, describes its use in multimedia applications, and reports on some of the ongoing activities in MPEG on extending DIA for use in rights governed environments.},
  address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMM.2005.846795},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/01430717.pdf},
  publisher = {IEEE}
}
@InProceedings{Timmerer2005e,
  author = {Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  booktitle = {Proc. of the First International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution (AXMEDIS 2005)},
  title = {MPEG Standards enabling Universal Multimedia Access},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Florence, Italy},
  editor = {Nesi, Paolo and Kia, Ng and Delgado, Jamie},
  month = dec,
  pages = {187-196},
  publisher = {Firenze University Press},
  abstract = {Over the last decade, a wide spectrum of (multi­media) content has become available to an increasing number of users who desire to access it through various devices and over heterogeneous networks. Interoperability is the key for enabling transparent and augmented use of (multimedia) content across a wide range of networks and devices. Standardization efforts within the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), in particular MPEG-7 and MPEG-21, aim to provide appropriate tools for achieving this goal of Universal Multimedia Access (UMA). This tutorial provides, in the first place, the concepts of UMA and corresponding MPEG-7 metadata tools built to support these concepts. Subsequently, the vision, an overview, and the state of the art of the emerging MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework are given. Finally, MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) tools which implement the “Terminal and Networks Characteristics” key element within the whole framework are illustrated in detail. The goal of MPEG-21 DIA is to achieve interoperable transparent access to (distributed) advanced multimedia content by shielding users from network and terminal installation, configuration, management and implementation issues.},
  issn = {88-8453-355-4},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}
@InProceedings{Timmerer2005d,
  author = {Timmerer, Christian and Frank, Thomas and Hellwagner, Hermann and Heuer, Jörg and Hutter, Andreas},
  booktitle = {Proc. SPIE},
  title = {Efficient Processing of MPEG-21 Metadata in the Binary Domain},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Boston},
  editor = {Vetro, Anthony and Wen Chen, Chang and Kuo, C-C Jay and Zhang, Tong and Tian, Qi and Smith, John R},
  month = oct,
  pages = {32-43},
  publisher = {Spie},
  series = {Multimedia Systems and Applications VIII},
  abstract = {XML-based metadata is widely adopted across the different communities and plenty of commercial and open source tools for processing and transforming are available on the market. However, all of these tools have one thing in common: they operate on plain text encoded metadata which may become a burden in constrained and streaming environments, i.e., when metadata needs to be processed together with multimedia content on the fly. In this paper we present an efficient approach for transforming such kind of metadata which are encoded using MPEG's Binary Format for Metadata (BiM) without additional en-/decoding overheads, i.e., within the binary domain. Therefore, we have developed an event-based push parser for BiM encoded metadata which transforms the metadata by a limited set of processing instructions – based on traditional XML transformation techniques - operating on bit patterns instead of cost-intensive string comparisons.},
  keywords = {universal multimedia access, multimedia adaptation, compressed-domain metadata processing, bitstream adaptation in constrained and streaming environments, MPEG-21, Digital Item Adaptation, generic Bitstream Syntax Description},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Efficient Processing of MPEG-21 Metadata in the Binary Domain.pdf},
  talktype = {none}
}
@InProceedings{Timmerer2005c,
  author = {Timmerer, Christian and Lederer, Peter and Kosch, Harald},
  booktitle = {CBMI 2005 - Fourth International Workshop on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing},
  title = {Transforming MPEG-21 generic Bitstream Syntax Descriptions within the Binary Domain},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Riga, Latvia},
  editor = {Moncef, Gabbouj and Jaakko, Astola and Ferran, Marques},
  month = jun,
  pages = {8},
  publisher = {CBMI},
  abstract = {XML-based metadata is widely adopted across the different communities and plenty of commercial and open source tools for processing and transforming are available on the market. However, all of these tools have the same requirement: they operate on plain text encoded metadata which may become a burden especially in constrained and streaming environments, e.g., when metadata needs to be processed together with multimedia content which is available in a highly efficient, binary representation format. In this paper we present techniques for transforming such kind of metadata which is encoded using the well known MPEG-7 Systems Binary Format for Metadata (BiM) without additional en-/decoding overheads, i.e., within the binary domain. As such it enables us to process both the multimedia data as well as the metadata within its compressed domain, e.g., for metadata-driven adaptation purposes within intermediary network nodes which are becoming increasingly popular in the multimedia community as well as in the XML community.},
  issn = {952-15-1364-0},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/TR_TransformingMPEG-21genericBitstreamSyntaxDescriptionsWithinTheBinaryDomain_Jun2005.pdf},
  talktype = {none}
}
@Article{Timmerer2005b,
  author = {Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  journal = {IEEE Multimedia Magazine},
  title = {Interoperable Adaptive Multimedia Communication},
  year = {2005},
  month = jan,
  number = {1},
  pages = {74-79},
  volume = {12},
  abstract = {Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) has been recently standardized as Part 7 of the MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework. This standard specifies tools enabling interoperable communication and adaptation of so-called Digital Items. The adaptation process becomes ever more difficult due to the heterogeneity of terminals and networks utilizing different types of multimedia contents encoded in various coding formats. Other aspects are the users� preferences and accessibility characteristics as well as the natural environment in which the content is consumed. This article describes how to use the tools within DIA in order to build a device and coding format independent adaptation module enabling interoperable multimedia communication.},
  address = {Los Alamitos, USA},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Interoperable Adaptive Multimedia Communication.pdf},
  publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}
}
@InProceedings{Timmerer2005a,
  author = {Timmerer, Christian and Kofler, Ingo and Liegl, Johannes and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM)},
  title = {An Evaluation of Existing Metadata Compression and Encoding Technologies for MPEG-21 Applications},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Washington, DC, USA},
  editor = {Tsai, Jeffrey and Mühlhäuser, Max and Takizawa, Makoto},
  month = dec,
  pages = {534-539},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  series = {ISM},
  abstract = {XML-based metadata for digital media is becoming increasingly important, as a consequence also calling for efficient encoding and compression schemes for the storage and transport of this metadata. Moreover, support for streaming the XML metadata in conjunction with the media data is highly desirable. Such support is provided, for instance, by MPEG's Binary Format for Metadata (BiM) encoding approach, which facilitates fragmenting, delivering, and accessing the metadata in so- called Access Units (AUs). In this paper, we present a quantitative evaluation of existing XML metadata compression and encoding techniques, reaching from widely used state-of-the-art data compression algorithms to sophisticated XML-aware encoding schemes. The comparison is based on compressing MPEG-21 generic Bitstream Syntax Descriptions (gBSDs) which can grow to non-negligible sizes. The main conclusion from this investigation is that in terms of pure compression efficiency on XML files, the BiM approach (exemplified by the MPEG reference software as well as a commercial version thereof) is comparable – in terms of performance – with traditional data or specific XML compression tools. However, when XML metadata have to be fragmented, compressed, and streamed in such fragments, the results indicate that the BiM approach is superior to the other schemes.},
  doi = {10.1109/ISM.2005.31},
  language = {EN},
  location = {Irvine, CA, USA},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/An Evaluation of Existing Metadata Compression and Encoding Technologies for MPEG-21 Applications.pdf},
  talkdate = {2005.12.12},
  talktype = {registered}
}
@InProceedings{Timmerer2005,
  author = {Timmerer, Christian and Panis, Gabriel and Delfosse, Eric},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (WIAMIS 2005)},
  title = {Piece-wise Multimedia Content Adaptation in Streaming and Constrained Environments},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Montreux},
  editor = {Dufaux, Frederic and Ebrahimi, Touradj and Strintzis, Michael},
  month = {jan},
  pages = {4},
  publisher = {WIAMIS},
  abstract = {Universal Multimedia Access (UMA) has become a driving concept behind a significant amount of research activities. One of MPEG’s (Moving Pictures Experts Group) responses to UMA is MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA). In this paper we present how tools as specified within DIA (i.e., normative XML-based description formats) are applied in streaming and constrained environments enabling piece-wise multimedia content adaptation including the adaptation decision- taking process and the actual resource adaptation in a coding format-independent way. Additionally, we demonstrate how the metadata overhead imposed by DIA tools can be reduced by means of appropriate metadata encoding tools.},
  issn = {283990067X},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/TR_Piece-wiseMultimediaContentAdaptationInStreamingAndConstrainedEnvironments_Apr2005.pdf},
  talktype = {none}
}
@TechReport{Taschwer2005,
  author = {Taschwer, Mario and Müller, Armin and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  institution = {Institute of Information Technology ({ITEC}), Klagenfurt University},
  title = {Integrating Semantic Search and Adaptive Streaming of Video Segments: the {DAHL} Project},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Klagenfurt, Austria},
  month = {jan},
  number = {TR/ITEC/05/2.04},
  type = {final report},
  abstract = {The DAHL project aimed at demonstrating some of the research achievements at ITEC by extending anexisting web application with content-based search mechanisms and an adaptive streaming environment for video data. The search is based on MPEG-7 descriptions of video data, and video retrieval uses an MPEG-4 conforming adaptive streaming server and player, which allows to adapt the video stream dynamically to client capabilities, user preferences, and available network bandwidth. This report describes the design, implementation, and integration work done in the DAHL project.},
  keywords = {semantic video querying, adaptive video streaming, {MPEG-7} annotation tool},
  language = {EN},
  pages = {34}
}
@TechReport{Spielvogel2005b,
  author = {Spielvogel, Christian and Tusch, Roland},
  institution = {Institute of Information Technology ({ITEC}), Klagenfurt University},
  title = {X2X - A ProXy-to-ProXy Network for Distributed Multimedia Services},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Klagenfurt, Austria},
  month = jun,
  language = {EN},
  pages = {11}
}
@TechReport{Spielvogel2005a,
  author = {Spielvogel, Christian and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo and Tusch, Roland},
  institution = {Institute of Information Technology ({ITEC}), Klagenfurt University},
  title = {A Quality of Service based Infrastructure for Adaptive Video Servers},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Klagenfurt, Austria},
  month = feb,
  number = {TR/ITEC/04/2.14.},
  abstract = {We argue for the need of a tool that is able to provide QoS aware server applications with accurate information about current as well as predicted network characteristics. To address this issue, we present the design and evaluation of DANEF - a system that is able to estimate, process and forecast bottleneck bandwidth, available bandwidth, delay, jitter and loss of a certain path. Active measurements are performed by sending small ICMP packet trains and forecasts are performed by applying fast allgorithms that need only small initialization sets. The accuracy of the measurements is achieved by applying an efficient and innovative filtering mechanism, the correctness of the forecasts is achieved by dynamically selecting the best fitting forecast model and by considering the forecast error of previous samples. Our evaluation has shown that DANEF's measurement results are significantly more precise than those yield by the 5 most widely used tools called Bprobe, Cprobe, Pathload, Pathchar and Network Weather Service.},
  language = {EN},
  pages = {8}
}
@InProceedings{Spielvogel2005,
  author = {Spielvogel, Christian and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of IASTED International Conference on Internet and Multimedia Systems and Applications (EuroIMSA 2005)},
  title = {Measurement and Prediction of Network Characteristics},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Grindelwald},
  editor = {Hamza, M H},
  month = feb,
  pages = {227-233},
  publisher = {ACTA Press},
  abstract = {We present the extension of an adaptive distributed multimedia streaming server architecture (ADMS) towards a Quality of Service based network infrastructure. The key component of the extension is the distributed active network estimation and forecasting tool (DANEF). It is able to estimate, process and forecast bottleneck bandwidth, available bandwidth, delay, jitter and loss of a certain path between the streaming server and the requesting client. Using this information, the server node that offers the best QoS for a certain client is selected from a set of possible candidates. Active measurements are performed by sending ICMP [15] packet trains and forecasts are performed by applying fast algorithms that need only small initialization sets. The accuracy of the measurements is achieved by applying an efficient and innovative filtering mechanism, the correctness of the forecasts is achieved by dynamically selecting the best fitting forecast model and by considering the forecast error of previous samples. We have compared DANEF to other already existing measurement tools like BProbe, Cprobe, Pathload, Pathchar and Network Weather Service. As can be found in the evaluation part of this paper DANEF is much better suited for estimating QoS characteristics in the context of multimedia streaming than the other 5 tools it has been compared to.},
  issn = {088986484},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}
@Article{Schojer2005,
  author = {Schojer, Peter and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  journal = {Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience},
  title = {An Adaptive Standard Meta-data Aware Proxy Cache},
  year = {2005},
  month = jul,
  number = {No 2},
  pages = {93-104},
  volume = {Vol 6},
  abstract = {Multimedia is gaining ever more importance on the Internet. This increases the need for intelligent and efficient video caches. A promising approach to improve caching efficiency is to adapt videos. With the availability of MPEG-4 it is possible to develop a standard compliant proxy cache that allows fast and efficient adaptation. We propose a modular design for an adaptive MPEG-4 video proxy that supports efficient full and partial video caching in combination with filtering options that are driven by the terminal capabilities of the client. We use the native scalability operations provided by MPEG-4, the MPEG-7 standard to describe the scalability options for a video and the emerging MPEG-21 standard to describe the terminal capabilities. We restrict ourselves to full video caching. The combination of adaptation with MPEG-4, MPEG-7 and client terminal capabilities is to the best of our knowledge unique and will increase the quality of service for end users. Key words: Adaptation, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, MPEG-21, adaptive proxy, caching.},
  address = {Timisoara, Romania},
  language = {EN},
  publisher = {SCPE}
}
@InProceedings{Ransburg2005a,
  author = {Ransburg, Michael and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multimedia Services Access Networks (MSAN 2005)},
  title = {Transport mechanisms for metadata-driven distributed multimedia adaptation},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Orlando, USA},
  editor = {N,A},
  month = jun,
  pages = {25-29},
  publisher = {IEEE CS Press},
  abstract = {The information revolution of the last decade has resulted in a phenomenal increase in the quantity of multimedia content available to an increasing number of different users with different preferences who access it through a plethora of devices and over heterogeneous networks. In order to address the amount of different content types, MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) introduces interoperable description tools which enable coding format independent adaptation. Bandwidthefficient transport of the content to terminals with different capabilities and through a variety of access networks with various characteristics requires adaptation facilities not only on the server but also within the network. In this paper we present transport mechanisms for MPEG-21-based metadata enabling generic adaptation within the network. Three different transport mechanisms for delivering this metadata in conjunction with the corresponding multimedia content are evaluated and a payload format for the transport of this metadata is presented. Furthermore, we performed measurements which demonstrate the bandwidth benefits of our distributed adaptation approach compared to server-centric adaptation in a multicast scenario. Finally, we applied various encoding formats for the metadata which further reduces the metadata overhead.},
  doi = {10.1109/MSAN.2005.1489936},
  isbn10 = {0-7803-9319-8},
  keywords = {MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation; distributed multimedia adaptation; metadata transport},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Transport Mechanisms for Metadata-driven Distributed Multimedia Adaptation.pdf},
  talktype = {none}
}
@InProceedings{Ransburg2005,
  author = {Ransburg, Michael and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of IASTED International Conference on Internet and Multimedia Systems and Applications (EuroIMSA 2005)},
  title = {Generic Streaming of Multimedia Content},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Grindelwald},
  editor = {Hamza, Mohamed H},
  month = feb,
  pages = {324-330},
  publisher = {ACTA Press},
  abstract = {The growing demand for multimedia information by different types of users equipped with a large variety of devices and connecting through different kinds of networks results in an increasing amount of different multimedia formats. Research is currently concentrating on the adaptation of the contents in order to provide Universal Multimedia Access (UMA) for the content consumer. But this does not solve the problem of the content provider, who still has to signal this variety of different multimedia formats to the consumer. In this contribution, we show a way to stream any type of multimedia format based on generic hint information. This hint information is based on a generic bit stream syntax description (gBSD) which is used for format-independent content adaptation within the MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework. Ultimately, this can lead to a frame-work which allows generic streaming and generic adaptation anywhere in the network.},
  keywords = {Streaming, Metadata, Multimedia, MPEG-21, XML andDigital Item Adaptation.},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}
@InProceedings{Prangl2005,
  author = {Prangl, Martin and Timmerer, Christian and Leopold, Klaus and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  booktitle = {ELMAR, 2005. 47th International Symposium},
  title = {DVB-based MPEG-21 digital items for adaptive multimedia streaming},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Zadar},
  editor = {Grgic, M and Grgic, S and Kos, T},
  month = jun,
  pages = {135-138},
  publisher = {IEEE Xplore},
  abstract = {In this paper, we present a prototype application that receives Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) TV streams on a PC, extracts semantic and syntactic metadata from the MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS), maps them to MPEG-7 compliant descriptors, and packs these metadata and the associated multimedia content into standard compliant MPEG-21 Digital Items (DIs). In this form, i.e., as DIs, the DVB content can be searched and accessed by clients such as PCs and PDAs, and can be transported over IP networks. The DVB server can be used as a live source of multimedia content to demonstrate multimedia streaming (e.g., via RTP) and adaptation to diverse devices.},
  keywords = {DVB, metadata, MPEG-7, MPEG-21, Digital Items},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/DVB-based MPEG-21 Digital Items for Adaptive Multimedia Streaming.pdf},
  talktype = {none}
}
@InProceedings{Mueller2005,
  author = {Müller, Armin and Kropfberger, Michael and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  booktitle = {Technology-enhanced Learning with Ubiquitous Applications of Integrated Web, Digital TV and Mobile Technologies},
  title = {Annotation and presentation of content-variations in a web-based search environment for video},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Budapest},
  editor = {Simonics, Istvan},
  month = jul,
  pages = {67-74},
  publisher = {Eigenverlag},
  abstract = {In recent years there has been a big increase in the amount and usage of all different kinds of multimedia data. Ranging from digital video broadcasting over the Internet to sharing digital photos and videos from the last holidays with others, multimedia is around everywhere today. Multimedia metadata help us to manage and search for information in these data. They offer searching for keywords as well as semantic search for textual descriptions of complex activities in audio, video and image. Based upon the research and implementation of the DAHL project, we present an approach for the annotation and presentation of content-variations of videos. First we want to have a look at muvino, a tool for creating MPEG-7 metadata descriptions of videos. After that the presentation of search results, especially the variations of videos or video segments is highlighted},
  issn = {963311361X},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}
@Article{Libsie2005,
  author = {Libsie, Mulugeta and Kosch, Harald},
  journal = {Journal of Digital Information Management},
  title = {Content-Aware Segment-Based Video Adaptation},
  year = {2005},
  issn = {0972-7272},
  month = jun,
  number = {Vol. 2},
  pages = {88-94},
  volume = {3},
  abstract = {Video adaptation is an active research area aiming at delivering heterogeneous content to yet heterogeneous devices under different network conditions. It is an important component of multimedia data management to address the problem of delivering multimedia data in distributed heterogeneous environments. This paper presents a novel method of video adaptation called segment-based adaptation. It aims at applying different reduction methods on different segments based on physical content. The video is first partitioned into homogeneous segments based on physical characteristics. Then optimal reduction methods are selected and applied on each segment with the objective of minimizing quality loss and/or maximizing data size reduction during adaptation. In addition to this new method of variation creation, the commonly used reduction methods are also implemented. To realize variation creation, a unifying framework called the Variation Factory is developed. It is extended to the Multi-Step Variation Factory, which allows intermediary videos to serve as variations and also as sources to further variations. Our proposals are implemented as part of a server component, called the Variation Processing Unit (VaPU) that generates different versions of the source and an MPEG-7 metadata document.},
  address = {Chennai, India},
  language = {DE},
  publisher = {Digital Information Research Foundation},
  url = {http://www.dirf.org/jdim/v3i2.asp}
}
@InProceedings{Kropfberger2005,
  author = {Kropfberger, Michael and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  booktitle = {Proc. of the IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing},
  title = {Combining Stream Switching with Fine-grained Intra-stream Adaptation for Adaptive Video Streaming},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Shanghai},
  editor = {Zhuang, Xinhua and Sorensen, J and Wu, Qiang and Qing, Shi Y and Ostermann, J and Man, H and Goldgof, D},
  month = nov,
  pages = {373-376},
  publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
  abstract = {Video streaming systems in best effort networks have to somehow cope with dynamically changing bandwidth. Various scalable video codecs allow intra-stream adaptation by use of temporal, spatial, or quality (SNR) scalability; optimizations for finer grained scalability are available as layered coding and FGS techniques. However, if there is no scalable video stream at hand, stream switching among pre-encoded stream versions of different bitrates and qualities allows at least coarse-grained adaptation. Those different approaches compete to be the most efficient solution for adaptive video streaming. However, this paper will show that the efficacy is significantly increased by combining those approaches. As will be discussed, the combination of coarse-grained stream switching and temporal intra-stream adaptation offers better visual results and more stable client buffer behavior than the denoted approaches used separately.},
  doi = {10.1109/MMSP.2005.248654},
  isbn10 = {0-7803-9288-4},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Combining stream switching with fine-grained intra-stream adaptation for adaptive video streaming.pdf},
  talkdate = {IEE},
  talktype = {none}
}
@Article{Kosch2005c,
  author = {Kosch, Harald and Döller, Mario},
  journal = {Datenbank Spektrum},
  title = {MPEG: Überblick und Integration in Multimedia-Datenbanken},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  pages = {26-35},
  volume = {Heft 15/5. Jahrgang},
  abstract = {Unser Tutorial gibt einen Überblick über die neuesten MPEG-Standards MPEG-7/21/A/B und streicht ihre Bedeutung für Multimedia-Datenbanken heraus.},
  address = {Heidelberg},
  language = {DE},
  publisher = {Springer}
}
@InProceedings{Kosch2005b,
  author = {Kosch, Harald and Döller, Mario},
  booktitle = {Multimedia and Expo, 2005. ICME 2005. IEEE International Conference on},
  title = {Approximating the selectivity of multimedia range queries},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Amsterdam},
  editor = {Smeulders, A},
  month = jul,
  pages = {382-385},
  publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
  abstract = {This paper introduces a new approach of approximating the selectivity of multimedia range queries. Estimating the selectivity of a range query is a pre-requisite to optimize a multimedia database query. We use the DBSCAN clustering technique for finding high density areas in the data set. Then, the selectivity is approximated with the help of a density function in combination with the volume of the query’s hypersphere. Our approach is fast and accurate which was evaluated on an image data set using the MPEG-7 Scalable Color Descriptor. The technique is integrated with the help of the extensible optimizer architecture in the Oracle multimedia database system.},
  issn = {0-7803-9331-7},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}
@Article{Kosch2005a,
  author = {Kosch, Harald and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo and Döller, Mario and Libsie, Mulugeta and Kofer, Andrea and Schojer, Peter},
  journal = {IEEE MultiMedia},
  title = {The life-cycle of Multimedia Metadata},
  year = {2005},
  month = mar,
  number = {1},
  pages = {80-86},
  volume = {12},
  abstract = {During its lifetime, multimedia content undergoes different stages or cycles fromproduction to consumption. Content is created, processed or modified in a postproduction stage, delivered to users, and finally, consumed. Metadata, or descriptive data about the multimedia content, pass through similar stages but with different time lines.1 Metadata may be produced, modified, and consumed by all actors involved in the content production-consumption chain. At each step of the chain, different kinds of metadata may be produced by highly different methods and of substantially different semantic value.},
  address = {Washington},
  language = {EN},
  publisher = {IEEE}
}
@InProceedings{Kosch2005,
  author = {Kosch, Harald and Arrich, Alexander},
  booktitle = {Kommunikation in Verteilten Systemen (KiVS) 2005},
  title = {Methodik und Software zur Erstellung und Konsum von MPEG-21 Digital Items},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Kaiserslautern},
  editor = {Mueller, P and Gotzhein, R and Schmitt, J B},
  month = feb,
  pages = {256-270},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  series = {Informatik aktuell},
  abstract = {Im MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework Standard spielt das Digital Item als fundamentale Transaktions- und Austauscheinheit eine zentrale Rolle. Dieser Artikel beschreibt eine Methodik und Software zur Erstellung und den Konsum von Digital Items. Das Softwarewerkzeug setzt sich aus zwei Teilen zusammen: Der DI Builder erlaubt es Benutzern MPEG-21 Digital Items zu erstellen, die mit dem DI Consumer konsumiert werden können. Der Konsum eines Digital Items umfasst das Abspielen von Mediendateien und die Betrachtung der Metadaten eines Digital Items. Die Software demonstriert Teile des MPEG-21 Standards, im speziellen Teil 2-Digital Item Declaration, Teil 3-Digital Item Identifcation, Teil 5-Rights Expression Language, Teil 6-Rights Data Dictionary und Teil 7-Digital Item Adaptation.},
  issn = {3-540-24473-5},
  language = {DE},
  talktype = {none}
}
@InProceedings{KoflerVogt2005,
  author = {Kofler Vogt, Andrea and Kosch, Harald and Heuer, Jörg},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services (WIAMIS 2005)},
  title = {Indexing of MPEG-7 Streams},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Montreux},
  editor = {Dufaux, F and Ebrahimi, T and Strintzis, M},
  month = apr,
  pages = {00},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  abstract = {The ISO/IEC Motion Picture Group (MPEG) issued in 2002 a standard, called MPEG-7, which enables the content description of multimedia data in XML. The standard supports applications to exchange, identify and filter multimedia contents based on MPEG-7 descriptions. However, processing MPEG-7 documents on mobile terminals is problematic, since the verbose XML is not adequate to limited bandwidth, low computational power and limited battery life. In this document we describe an index system that allows filtering and random access to encoded MPEG-7 streams and which overcomes the limitation of the network and the consuming terminal. Encoding is applied in order to reduce the data rate of the XML documents to be transmitted. The indexed parts of the encoded streams can be accessed without the need to deserialize the complete stream. Furthermore, the system is evaluated and results of the experimental evaluation are discussed.},
  language = {EN},
  location = {Montreux, Switzerland},
  talkdate = {2005.04.14},
  talktype = {none}
}
@InProceedings{Kettner2005,
  author = {Kettner, Cartsten and Kosch, Harald and Lang, Margit and Lachner, Janine and Oborny, Doris and Teppan, Erich},
  booktitle = {Database Theory - ICDT 2005},
  title = {Creating a Medicinal Plant Database},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Edinburgh},
  editor = {Eiter, T and Libkin, L},
  month = {jan},
  pages = {413},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  series = {LNCS},
  abstract = {This paper presents the experiences of creating the information system MEDPHYT which is built to collect data on the complete European pharmaceutical and toxicological plant world whose representatives are determined by medical and therapeutic benefit. Focus of the database content is the plant with description of their botanical characteristics, and history of discovery of therapeutic use, etymology, and synonyms. Apart the botanical characterisation there is information on both medical relevant biochemical compounds and their physicochemical characteristics, and toxicological as well as pharmaceutical facts. These data sets determine the basic system of MEDPHYT.},
  issn = {3-540-24288-0},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}
@InProceedings{Karpati2005a,
  author = {Karpati, Peter and Kocsor, Andras and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th IASTED International Conference on Internet and Multimedia Systems and Applications (EuroIMSA 2005)},
  title = {Client Behaviour Prediction in a Proactive Video Server},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Grindelwald},
  editor = {Hamza, MH},
  month = feb,
  pages = {492-497},
  publisher = {ACTA Press},
  abstract = {We present a possibility how to add proactive behaviour to Video-on-Demand systems. To do so we propose categorizing videos and using external information as well as observing the behaviour of our clients. We examined 23 predictor functions on artificial and real datasets using different similarity measures to compare them. Our model is quite simple; therefore some extensions are proposed at the end.},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}
@TechReport{Karpati2005,
  author = {Karpati, Peter and Szkaliczki, Tibor and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  institution = {Institute of Information Technology ({ITEC}), Klagenfurt University},
  title = {Mathematical model for distributed VoD servers},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Klagenfurt, Austria},
  month = {jan},
  abstract = {Universal Multimedia Access (UMA) has become a driving concept behind a significant amount of research activities. One of MPEG’s (Moving Pictures Experts Group) responses to UMA is MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA). In this paper we present how tools as specified within DIA (i.e., normative XML-based description formats) are applied in streaming and constrained environments enabling piece-wise multimedia content adaptation including the adaptation decision-taking process and the actual resource adaptation in a coding format-independent way. Additionally, we demonstrate how the metadata overhead imposed by DIA tools can be reduced by means of appropriate metadata encoding tools.},
  language = {EN},
  pages = {115},
  series = {TR/ITEC/05/2.13}
}
@InProceedings{Hutter2005,
  author = {Hutter, Andreas and Amon, Peter and Panis, Gabriel and Delfosse, Eric and Ransburg, Michael and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  booktitle = {Image Processing, 2005. ICIP 2005. IEEE International Conference on},
  title = {Automatic Adaptation of Streaming Multimedia Content in a Dynamic and Distributed Environment},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Genova, Italy},
  editor = {IEEE,},
  month = sep,
  pages = {716-719},
  publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
  abstract = {The diversity of end-terminal and access network capabilities as well as the dynamic nature of wireless connections pose significant challenges to providers of multimedia streaming services. In this paper, we present a system based on MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) technologies that automatically adapts scalable multimedia resources, like upcoming MPEG-21 Scalable Video Coding (SVC) streams, in a generic and transparent way to the user and session context. This context includes terminal and network capabilities as well as user characteristics. A server side adaptation engine reacts to context changes by dynamic decision taking and accordingly modified bitstream adaptation. Furthermore, novel concepts are presented that facilitate multimedia adaptation in a distributed fashion along the delivery path.},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Automatic Adaptation of streaming multimedia content in a dynamic and distributed environment.pdf},
  talktype = {none}
}
@Article{Goldschmidt2005,
  author = {Goldschmidt, Balázs and Tusch, Roland and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  journal = {Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience},
  title = {A CORBA-based Middleware for an Adaptive Streaming Server},
  year = {2005},
  month = jul,
  number = {No 2},
  pages = {83-92},
  volume = {Vol 6},
  address = {Timisoara, Romania},
  language = {EN},
  publisher = {SCPE}
}
@TechReport{Domokos2005,
  author = {Domokos, Csaba and Széll, Erika and Karpati, Peter and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  institution = {Institute of Information Technology ({ITEC}), Klagenfurt University},
  title = {Mixed and Weighted Measures for Client Behavior Prediction in a Proactive Video Server},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Klagenfurt, Austria},
  month = {jan},
  number = {TR/ITEC/05/2.09},
  abstract = {The precision of the predictors used in the ADMS[1] can be determined by similarity. There are already such measures[2] given, but we do not know exactly what efficiency they have and how well they show the difference between two lists. Kendall’s tau • Spearman’s footrule • Ulam’s distance We examined the characteristics of these similarity measures and developed some more measures that fit better our needs. One of the main goals is to consider the similarity more important at the begin of list, than at the end of list. Because the clients at the begin of the list probably will request more videos. During our work we defined 20 special ordered lists with 17 elements each. We tested the different measures on these lists. We also tested the Kemeny distance, which was defined in paper[3]. We modified the Spearman’s footrule and the Ulam’s distance according to the goal defined above (the top of the list considerate with higher weight (Weighted Spearman’s footrule, Weighted Ulam’s distance). Using the already known measures we developed a more complex, mixed measure, which uses more factors when defining the similarity. Finally we compared the 7 different measures using the artificially defined lists. With using the similarity measures we can tell how good the predictors[2] work in ADMS project. We could order the predictors by goodness, testing them on a real database (the World Cup ’98 Website’s access log).},
  language = {EN},
  pages = {40}
}
@Article{Devillers2005,
  author = {Devillers, Sylvain and Timmerer, Christian and Heuer, Jörg and Hellwagner, Hermann},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Multimedia},
  title = {Bitstream Syntax Description-Based Adaptation in Streaming and Constrained Environments},
  year = {2005},
  month = jun,
  number = {No. 3},
  pages = {463-470},
  volume = {Special Issue on MPEG-21, Vol. 7},
  abstract = {The seamless access to rich multimedia content on any device and over an network, usually known as Universal Multimedia Access, requires interoperable description tools and adaptation techniques to be developed. To address the latter issue, MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) introduces the Bitstream Syntax Description (BSD) framework, which provides tools for adapting multimedia content in a generic (i.e., coding format independent) way. The basic idea is to use the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to describe the high-level structure of a binary media bitstream, to transform its description (e.g., by means of eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations, XSLT), and to construct the adapted media bitstream from the transformed description. This paper presents how this basic BSD framework, initially developed for non-streamed content and suffering from inherent limitations and high memory consumption of XML-related technologies such as XSLT, can be advanced and efficiently implemented in a streaming environment and on resource-constrained devices. Two different attempts to solve the inherent problems are described. The first approach proposes an architecture based on the streamed processing of SAX (Simple Application Programming Interface for XML) events and adopts STX (Streaming Transformations for XML) as an alternative to XSLT, whereas the second approach breaks a BSD up into well-formed fragments called Process Units (PUs) that can be processed individually by a standard XSLT processor. The current status of our work as well as directions for future research are given.},
  address = {Piscataway, USA},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Bitstream Syntax Description-based Adaptation in Streaming and Constrained Environments.pdf},
  publisher = {IEEE}
}
@InProceedings{DeSutter2005,
  author = {De Sutter, Robbie and Timmerer, Christian and Hellwagner, Hermann and Van de Walle, Rik},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of IASTED International Conference on Internet and Multimedia Systems and Applications (EuroIMSA 2005)},
  title = {Multimedia Metadata Processing: A Format Independent Approach},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Zürich, Schweiz},
  editor = {Hamza, M H},
  month = {jan},
  pages = {343-348},
  publisher = {ACTA Press},
  abstract = {In multimedia applications, XML is being increasingly used to represent metadata; examples are MPEG-7 multimedia description schemes and MPEG-21 usage environment descriptions. As with the media data, the size of, or the overhead induced by, the XML metadata is important, particularly when used on constrained mobile devices. Therefore, compression (binary encoding) of the XML data becomes relevant to reduce this overhead. Within the MPEG-7 standardization effort, a Binary Format for Metadata (BiM) was developed, ´providing good compression efficiency and facilitating random access into, and manipulation of, the binary encoded bit stream. However, using binary encoded XML should not introduce interoperability issues with existing applications, nor add additional complexity to new applications. In this paper we investigate a solution for this issue by handling the binary encoded XML data by the XML parser. As such, applications do not need to be aware of the type of encoding of the XML data. In this paper, we introduce such an XML parser and evaluate its usability in different scenarios. We measure the memory requirements and compare the processing speed of parsing binary encoded XML to plain text XML.},
  issn = {14827905},
  keywords = {Multimedia Information Systems, Multimedia Communication Systems, Multimedia Metadata, Binary Encoded XML, MPEG-7 BiM},
  language = {EN},
  pdf = {https://www.itec.aau.at/bib/files/Multimedia Metadata Processing.pdf},
  talktype = {none}
}
@TechReport{Cobarzan2005,
  author = {Cobarzan, Claudiu and Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  institution = {Institute of Information Technology ({ITEC}), Klagenfurt University},
  title = {Dynamic proxy-cache multiplication inside LANs},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Klagenfurt, Austria},
  month = feb,
  number = {TR/ITEC/05/2.02},
  abstract = {Proxy-cache deployment in the LANs has become a current practice aimed at increasing the availability of the data while also reducing client perceived latency, reduce the load on origin servers as well as the external network bandwidth consumption. As the load increases, due to an increase in client’s requests for both cached and non-cached data, it often happens that one single proxy-cache can not handle all the incoming requests. For those situations, when request dropping and cache replacement becomes necessary, we propose an alternative, namely proxy-cache splitting. Our solution is to dynamically deploy additional proxy-caches inside the LAN, and divert towards them some of the requests addressed to the original proxy-cache(s). By doing this we can achieve even better response time, load balancing, higher availability and robustness of the service than in the case in which a single proxy-cache is used.},
  language = {EN},
  pages = {22}
}
@InProceedings{Boeszoermenyi2005,
  author = {Böszörmenyi, Laszlo},
  booktitle = {From Computer Literacy to Informatics Fundamentals},
  title = {Teaching: People to People – About People (A plea for the historic and human view)},
  year = {2005},
  address = {Heidelberg, Germany},
  editor = {Mittermeir, Roland},
  month = feb,
  pages = {93-103},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  series = {LNCS},
  abstract = {The importance of the historical and human aspects of the didactics of informatics is discussed. The threefold human aspects of teaching: by, for and about people is explored. Using the example of the notion of the procedure, the potential of the historical discussion is investigated. A strengthening of the historical and human view is required both in university research and in the curricula of the informatics education at both secondary and university levels.},
  issn = {978-3-540-253},
  language = {EN},
  talktype = {none}
}